NYC - Metropolitan Museum of Art: René Magritte's The Eternally Obvious by wallyg.
The Eternally Obvious
1948
René Magritte (Belgian, 1898-1967)
Oil on canvas laid on board; Overall (installed size, 5 framed panels): 72 x 16 in. (182.9 x 40.6 cm)
Magritte painted the body of a naked blonde model, cut from the canvas the body's five choicest bits, surrounded them in gold frames, and reassembled the figure with blank spaces in between on a sheet of glass. This work is a variant of the artist's famous, same-titled prototype from 1930 for which his wife Georgette posed. In that earlier work, Georgette's face is seen in three-quarter view, she stands in a contrapposto stance, and her body is not as rigidly aligned frontally as in this later work, for which the artist chose a younger model with firmer breasts. Magritte plays tricks with our perception in these "picture-objects," whose famethat of the earlier versioncoincided with its role in the cult of the Surrealist object in the 1930s. Although the body is truncated, we automatically fill in the missing areas and see a "complete" nude woman, never mind that her arms and hands are missing.
The artist's dealer in New York, Alexander Iolas, wanted to show this work in an exhibition at his gallery in 1948. Concerned that the painting would not pass inspection by U.S. Customs, Iolas ordered Magritte to omit the pubic hair. Another artist from the Iolas gallery, Bernard Pfriem, restored the hair in his studio on Prince Street in New York.
The Pierre and Maria-Gaetana Matisse Collection, 2002 (2002.456.12a-f)
**
The Metropolitan Museum of Art's permanent collection contains more than two million works of art from around the world. It opened its doors on February 20, 1872, housed in a building located at 681 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Under their guidance of John Taylor Johnston and George Palmer Putnam, the Met's holdings, initially consisting of a Roman stone sarcophagus and 174 mostly European paintings, quickly outgrew the available space. In 1873, occasioned by the Met's purchase of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriot antiquities, the museum decamped from Fifth Avenue and took up residence at the Douglas Mansion on West 14th Street. However, these new accommodations were temporary; after negotiations with the city of New York, the Met acquired land on the east side of Central Park, where it built its permanent home, a red-brick Gothic Revival stone "mausoleum" designed by American architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mold. As of 2006, the Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet, more than 20 times the size of the original 1880 building.
In 2007, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was ranked #17 on the AIA 150 America's Favorite Architecture list.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967. The interior was designated in 1977.
4/22/2010
Danse Macabre
Danse Macabre
The Rockefeller and the Ballet Boys
Another spectacular will contest is dividing the dinner parties of tony America. The recently deceased was Margaret Strong, a plain-Jane Rockefeller who always attracted effete men. Her first husband was the ballet-mad Marquis de Cuevas. Her second was nearly forty years her junior: Raymundo de Larrain, who gave her a wheelchair and new teeth for the wedding. And then, according to her children, milked her out of $30 million. On the eve of the trial, the author investigates a society redolent of black orchids.
by Dominick Dunne
February 1987
There is no one, not even his severest detractor, and let me tell you at the outset of this tale that he has a great many severe detractors, who will not concede that Raymundo de Larrain, who sometimes uses the questionable title of the Marquis de Larrain, is, or at least was, before he took the road to riches by marrying a Rockefeller heiress nearly forty years his senior, a man of considerable talent, who, if he had persevered in his artistic pursuits, might have made a name for himself on his own merit. Instead his name, long a fixture in the international social columns, is today at the center of the latest in a rash of contested-will controversies in which wildly rich American families go to court to slug it out publicly for millions of dollars left to upstart spouses the same age as or, in this case, younger than the disinherited adult children.
The most interesting person in this story is the late possessor of the now disputed millions, Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain, who died in Madrid on December 2, 1985, at the age of eighty-eight, and the key name to keep in mind is the magical one of Rockefeller. Margaret de Larrain had two children, Elizabeth and John, from her first marriage, to the Marquis George de Cuevas. The children do not know the whereabouts of her remains, or even whether she was, as a member of the family put it, incinerated in Madrid. What they do know is that during the eight years of their octogenarian mother’s marriage to Raymundo de Larrain, her enormous real-estate holdings, which included adjoining town houses in New York, an apartment in Paris, a country house in France, a villa in Tuscany, and a resort home in Palm Beach, were given away or sold, although she had been known throughout her life to hate parting with any of her belongings, even the most insubstantial things. At the time of her second marriage, in 1977, she had assets of approximately $30 million (some estimates go as high as $60 million), including 350,00 shares of Exxon stock in a custodian account at the Chase Manhattan Bank. The location of the Exxon shares is currently unknown, and the documents presented by her widower show that his late wife’s assets amount to only $400,000. Although these sums may seem modest in terms of today’s billion-dollar fortunes, Margaret, at the time of her inheritance, was considered one of the richest women in the world. There are two wills in question: a 1968 will leaving the fortune to the children and a 1980 will leaving it to the widower. In the upcoming court case, the children, who are fifty-eight and fifty-six years old, are charging that the will submitted by de Larrain, who is fifty-two, represents “a massive fraud on an aging, physically ill, trusting lady.”
Although Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain was a reluctant news figure for five decades, the facts of her birth, her fortune, and the kind of men she married denied her the privacy she craved. However, her children, Elizabeth, known as Bessie, and John, have so successfully guarded their privacy, as well as that of their children, that they are practically anonymous in the social world in which they were raised. John de Cuevas, who has been described as almost a hermit, has never used the title of marquis. He is now divorced from his second wife, Sylvia Iolas de Cuevas, the niece of the art dealer Alexander Iolas, who was a friend of his father’s. His only child is a daughter from that marriage, now in her twenties. He maintains homes in St. James, Long Island, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he teaches scientific writing at Harvard. Bessie de Cuevas, a sculptor whose work resembles that of Archipenko, lives in New York City and East Hampton, Long Island. She is also divorced, and has one daughter, twenty-two, by her second husband, Joel Carmichael, the editor of Midstream, a Zionist magazine so reactionary that it recently published an article accusing the pope of being soft on Marxism. Friends of Bessie de Cuevas told me that she was never bothered by the short financial reins her mother kept her on, because she did not fall prey to fortune hunters the way her sister heiresses, like Sunny von Bülow, did.
Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain, the twice-titled American heiress, grew up very much like a character in a Henry James novel. In fact, Henry James, as well as William James, visited her father’s villa outside Florence when she was young. Margaret was the only child of Bessie Rockefeller, the eldest of John D. Rockefeller’s five children, and Charles Augustus Strong, a philospher and psychologist, whose father, Augustus Hopkins Strong, a Baptist clergyman and theologian, had been a great friend of old Rockefeller’s. A mark of the brilliance of Margaret’s father was that, while at Harvard, he competed with fellow student George Santayana for a scholarship at a German university and won. He then shared the scholarship with Santayana, who remained his lifelong friend. Margaret was born in New York, but the family moved shortly thereafter to Paris. When Margaret was nine her mother died, and Strong, who never remarried, built his villa in Fiesole, outside Florence. There, in a dour and austere atomosphere, surrounded by intellectuals and philosophers, he raised his daughter and wrote scholarly books. His world provided very little amusement for a child and no frivolity.
Each year Margaret returned to the United States to see her grandfather, with whom she maintained a good relationship, and to visit her Rockefeller cousins. Old John D. was amused by his serious and foreign granddaughter, who spoke several languages and went to school in England. Later, she was one of only three women attending Cambridge University, where she studied chemistry. Never, even as a young girl, could she have been considered attractive. She was big, bulky, and shy, and until the age of twenty-right she always wore variations of the same modest sailor dress.
Her father was eager for her to marry, and toward that end Margaret went to Paris to live, although she had few prospects in sight. Following the Russian Revolution there was an influx of Russian émigrés into Paris, and Margaret Strong developed a fascination for them that remained with her all her life. She was most excited to meet the tall and elegant Prince Felix Yusupov, the assassin of Rasputin, who was said to have used his beautiful wife, Princess Irina, as a lure to attract the womanizing Rasputin to his palace on the night of the murder. In Paris, Prince Yusupov had taken to wearing pink rouge and green eye shadow, and he supported himself by heading up a house of couture called Irfé, a combination of the first syllables of his and his wife’s names. Into this hothouse of fashion, one day in 1927, walked the thirty-year-old prim, studious, and unfashionable Rockefeller heiress. At that time Prince Yusupov had working for him an epicene and penniless young Chilean named George de Cuevas, who was, according to friends who remember him from that period, “extremely amusing and lively.” He spoke with a strong Spanish accent and expressed himself in a wildly camp manner hitherto totally unknown to the sheltered young lady. The story goes that at first Margaret mistook George de Cuevas for the prince. “What do you do at the couture?” she asked. “I’m the saleslady,” he replied. The plain, timid heiress was enchanted with him, and promptly fell in love, thereby establishing what would be a lifelong predilection for flamboyant, effete men. The improbable pair were married in 1928.
From then on Margaret abandoned almost all intellectual activity. She stepped out of the pages of a Henry James novel into the pages of a Ronald Firbank novel. If her father had been the dominant figure of her maidenhood, George de Cuevas was the controlling force of her adult existence. Their life became more and more frivolous, capricious, and eccentric. Through her husband she discovered an exotic new world that centered on the arts, especially the ballet, for which George had a deep and abiding passion. Their beautiful apartment on the Quai Voltaire, filled with pets and bibelots and opulent furnishings, became a gathering place for the haute bohème of Paris, as did their country house in St.-Germain-en-Laye, where their daughter, Bessie, was born in 1929. Their son, John, was born two years later. Along the way the title of marquis was granted by, or purchased from, the King of Spain. The Chilean son of a Spanish father, George de Cuevas is listed in some dance manuals as the eighth Marquis de Piedrablanca de Guana de Cuevas, but the wife of a Spanish grandee, who wished not to be identified, told me that the title was laughed at in Spain. Nonetheless, the Marquis and Marquesa de Cuevas remained a highly visible couple on the international and artistic scenes for the next thirty years.
When World War II broke out, they moved to the United States. Margaret, already a collector of real estate, began to add to her holdings. She bought a town house on East Sixty-eighth Street in New York, a mansion in Palm Beach, and a weekend place in Bernardsville, New Jersey. She also acquired a house in Riverdale, New York, which they never lived in but visited, and one in New Mexico to be used in the event the United States was invaded. In New York, Margaret always kept a rented limousine, and sometimes two, all day every day in front of her house in case she wanted to go out.
The Rockefeller and the Ballet Boys
Another spectacular will contest is dividing the dinner parties of tony America. The recently deceased was Margaret Strong, a plain-Jane Rockefeller who always attracted effete men. Her first husband was the ballet-mad Marquis de Cuevas. Her second was nearly forty years her junior: Raymundo de Larrain, who gave her a wheelchair and new teeth for the wedding. And then, according to her children, milked her out of $30 million. On the eve of the trial, the author investigates a society redolent of black orchids.
by Dominick Dunne
February 1987
There is no one, not even his severest detractor, and let me tell you at the outset of this tale that he has a great many severe detractors, who will not concede that Raymundo de Larrain, who sometimes uses the questionable title of the Marquis de Larrain, is, or at least was, before he took the road to riches by marrying a Rockefeller heiress nearly forty years his senior, a man of considerable talent, who, if he had persevered in his artistic pursuits, might have made a name for himself on his own merit. Instead his name, long a fixture in the international social columns, is today at the center of the latest in a rash of contested-will controversies in which wildly rich American families go to court to slug it out publicly for millions of dollars left to upstart spouses the same age as or, in this case, younger than the disinherited adult children.
The most interesting person in this story is the late possessor of the now disputed millions, Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain, who died in Madrid on December 2, 1985, at the age of eighty-eight, and the key name to keep in mind is the magical one of Rockefeller. Margaret de Larrain had two children, Elizabeth and John, from her first marriage, to the Marquis George de Cuevas. The children do not know the whereabouts of her remains, or even whether she was, as a member of the family put it, incinerated in Madrid. What they do know is that during the eight years of their octogenarian mother’s marriage to Raymundo de Larrain, her enormous real-estate holdings, which included adjoining town houses in New York, an apartment in Paris, a country house in France, a villa in Tuscany, and a resort home in Palm Beach, were given away or sold, although she had been known throughout her life to hate parting with any of her belongings, even the most insubstantial things. At the time of her second marriage, in 1977, she had assets of approximately $30 million (some estimates go as high as $60 million), including 350,00 shares of Exxon stock in a custodian account at the Chase Manhattan Bank. The location of the Exxon shares is currently unknown, and the documents presented by her widower show that his late wife’s assets amount to only $400,000. Although these sums may seem modest in terms of today’s billion-dollar fortunes, Margaret, at the time of her inheritance, was considered one of the richest women in the world. There are two wills in question: a 1968 will leaving the fortune to the children and a 1980 will leaving it to the widower. In the upcoming court case, the children, who are fifty-eight and fifty-six years old, are charging that the will submitted by de Larrain, who is fifty-two, represents “a massive fraud on an aging, physically ill, trusting lady.”
Although Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain was a reluctant news figure for five decades, the facts of her birth, her fortune, and the kind of men she married denied her the privacy she craved. However, her children, Elizabeth, known as Bessie, and John, have so successfully guarded their privacy, as well as that of their children, that they are practically anonymous in the social world in which they were raised. John de Cuevas, who has been described as almost a hermit, has never used the title of marquis. He is now divorced from his second wife, Sylvia Iolas de Cuevas, the niece of the art dealer Alexander Iolas, who was a friend of his father’s. His only child is a daughter from that marriage, now in her twenties. He maintains homes in St. James, Long Island, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he teaches scientific writing at Harvard. Bessie de Cuevas, a sculptor whose work resembles that of Archipenko, lives in New York City and East Hampton, Long Island. She is also divorced, and has one daughter, twenty-two, by her second husband, Joel Carmichael, the editor of Midstream, a Zionist magazine so reactionary that it recently published an article accusing the pope of being soft on Marxism. Friends of Bessie de Cuevas told me that she was never bothered by the short financial reins her mother kept her on, because she did not fall prey to fortune hunters the way her sister heiresses, like Sunny von Bülow, did.
Margaret Strong de Cuevas de Larrain, the twice-titled American heiress, grew up very much like a character in a Henry James novel. In fact, Henry James, as well as William James, visited her father’s villa outside Florence when she was young. Margaret was the only child of Bessie Rockefeller, the eldest of John D. Rockefeller’s five children, and Charles Augustus Strong, a philospher and psychologist, whose father, Augustus Hopkins Strong, a Baptist clergyman and theologian, had been a great friend of old Rockefeller’s. A mark of the brilliance of Margaret’s father was that, while at Harvard, he competed with fellow student George Santayana for a scholarship at a German university and won. He then shared the scholarship with Santayana, who remained his lifelong friend. Margaret was born in New York, but the family moved shortly thereafter to Paris. When Margaret was nine her mother died, and Strong, who never remarried, built his villa in Fiesole, outside Florence. There, in a dour and austere atomosphere, surrounded by intellectuals and philosophers, he raised his daughter and wrote scholarly books. His world provided very little amusement for a child and no frivolity.
Each year Margaret returned to the United States to see her grandfather, with whom she maintained a good relationship, and to visit her Rockefeller cousins. Old John D. was amused by his serious and foreign granddaughter, who spoke several languages and went to school in England. Later, she was one of only three women attending Cambridge University, where she studied chemistry. Never, even as a young girl, could she have been considered attractive. She was big, bulky, and shy, and until the age of twenty-right she always wore variations of the same modest sailor dress.
Her father was eager for her to marry, and toward that end Margaret went to Paris to live, although she had few prospects in sight. Following the Russian Revolution there was an influx of Russian émigrés into Paris, and Margaret Strong developed a fascination for them that remained with her all her life. She was most excited to meet the tall and elegant Prince Felix Yusupov, the assassin of Rasputin, who was said to have used his beautiful wife, Princess Irina, as a lure to attract the womanizing Rasputin to his palace on the night of the murder. In Paris, Prince Yusupov had taken to wearing pink rouge and green eye shadow, and he supported himself by heading up a house of couture called Irfé, a combination of the first syllables of his and his wife’s names. Into this hothouse of fashion, one day in 1927, walked the thirty-year-old prim, studious, and unfashionable Rockefeller heiress. At that time Prince Yusupov had working for him an epicene and penniless young Chilean named George de Cuevas, who was, according to friends who remember him from that period, “extremely amusing and lively.” He spoke with a strong Spanish accent and expressed himself in a wildly camp manner hitherto totally unknown to the sheltered young lady. The story goes that at first Margaret mistook George de Cuevas for the prince. “What do you do at the couture?” she asked. “I’m the saleslady,” he replied. The plain, timid heiress was enchanted with him, and promptly fell in love, thereby establishing what would be a lifelong predilection for flamboyant, effete men. The improbable pair were married in 1928.
From then on Margaret abandoned almost all intellectual activity. She stepped out of the pages of a Henry James novel into the pages of a Ronald Firbank novel. If her father had been the dominant figure of her maidenhood, George de Cuevas was the controlling force of her adult existence. Their life became more and more frivolous, capricious, and eccentric. Through her husband she discovered an exotic new world that centered on the arts, especially the ballet, for which George had a deep and abiding passion. Their beautiful apartment on the Quai Voltaire, filled with pets and bibelots and opulent furnishings, became a gathering place for the haute bohème of Paris, as did their country house in St.-Germain-en-Laye, where their daughter, Bessie, was born in 1929. Their son, John, was born two years later. Along the way the title of marquis was granted by, or purchased from, the King of Spain. The Chilean son of a Spanish father, George de Cuevas is listed in some dance manuals as the eighth Marquis de Piedrablanca de Guana de Cuevas, but the wife of a Spanish grandee, who wished not to be identified, told me that the title was laughed at in Spain. Nonetheless, the Marquis and Marquesa de Cuevas remained a highly visible couple on the international and artistic scenes for the next thirty years.
When World War II broke out, they moved to the United States. Margaret, already a collector of real estate, began to add to her holdings. She bought a town house on East Sixty-eighth Street in New York, a mansion in Palm Beach, and a weekend place in Bernardsville, New Jersey. She also acquired a house in Riverdale, New York, which they never lived in but visited, and one in New Mexico to be used in the event the United States was invaded. In New York, Margaret always kept a rented limousine, and sometimes two, all day every day in front of her house in case she wanted to go out.
François-Xavier and Claude Lalanne Animal, vegetable, mineral
Animal, vegetable, mineral
Go to Paris for one of this spring’s most enjoyable exhibitions
Apr 8th 2010 |
A SCULPTED grasshopper that measures six feet (1.85 metres) in length stands at the entrance to the private apartments at Windsor Castle. Made of brass, steel and Sèvres porcelain, it was a gift to Queen Elizabeth from President Georges Pompidou after her state visit to France in 1972. It was an arresting, witty and practical offering: lift up the creature’s back and the interior serves as a wine cooler. The grasshopper was made in Paris by François-Xavier Lalanne, who, since the 1960s, had exhibited with his wife, Claude, as the Lalannes.
Unlike Claes Oldenburg and his wife, Coosje van Bruggen, the Lalannes did not collaborate so much as co-create. These independent artisan-artists made their pieces out of metal, but he hammered and riveted while she moulded. In their choice of subject matter they were polar opposites. He favoured animals; she vegetation. Nevertheless, as a 150-piece retrospective in Paris demonstrates, seen together their works produce an echoing harmony. At once punchy and dreamlike, this is a hugely attractive show.
Visitors are greeted by a bronze rabbit, 11 feet long with ears blown back as if by the wind. Its feet, however, are hooves and its tail is that of a bird. The large bronze cat also combines elements of several creatures. When young, Mr Lalanne worked as a guard at the Louvre, where he studied its Egyptian collection. The influence of Hindu deities is also clear. Among his other works on view are a rocking-chair bird, a series of life-sized rhinos and a gorilla whose chest opens to reveal a safe. Many of Mrs Lalanne’s pieces are fashioned from sinuous vines and leaves twisted into candelabra, garden benches, jewellery and gates. Their debt to Surrealism and Art Nouveau is obvious. So is their droll, devil-may-care inventiveness.
Mr Lalanne died in December 2008. His widow chose Peter Marino, an architect-decorator and longtime friend and Lalanne collector, to design this exhibition. The result is a mixture of intimate and public spaces; cosy rooms and sweeping, contemporary-gallery-style vistas. Some walls are covered in ivy. Part of the vast central court is a turquoise reflecting pool which has no water, but is filled with frogs and graceful waterfowl. It is backed by sand dunes on which two shaggy camels rest. Elsewhere in the court a flock of life-sized sheep straggle across a field of AstroTurf. It was sheep on rollers that launched the Lalannes’ career. In 1966 Mr Lalanne sent a herd of 24 woolly ones to the Salon de la Jeune Peinture. Each could be sat on; together they became banquettes or beds. They were hailed as three-dimensional Magrittes. The Lalannes were on the art map.
Alexander Iolas, champion of the Surrealists, became their dealer and introduced the Lalannes to America. A year after the Salon, the Art Institute of Chicago gave them a show, and Life magazine a four-page spread. “Baby” Jane Holzer, known as one of Andy Warhol’s “superstars”, asked Mr Lalanne to make one of his rhinos in leather. That beast, which breaks into a set of comfy-looking chairs, was shown in the early 1970s at the influential Castelli gallery in New York. It is one of the works on loan to the Paris show.
By the 1980s Mr Iolas’s gallery had closed; minimalism and conceptualism were in vogue in America. It was not until 2007 that a dealer named Paul Kasmin began to represent them in New York. Their work was snapped up by a new generation of young collectors. Two years later, he organised a display of Lalanne sculptures along the traffic islands on Park Avenue, including Mrs Lalanne’s bronze of a big, big apple.
The artists’ greatest admirers have been in France. A room in the retrospective spotlights Yves Saint Laurent’s acquisitions. Among them are a modernist bar by Mr Lalanne and a group of mirrors by his widow. At Christie’s Yves Saint Laurent/Pierre Bergé sale last year the Lalanne bar sold for more than $3.5m, over ten times the top estimate, and the ensemble of 15 mirrors for nearly $2.5m, twice the estimate. The whopping prices and global coverage of the sale introduced the Lalannes to a new audience. Ben Brown, their London dealer, reports that his biggest problem now is not finding buyers, but works to sell.
The Lalannes have always occupied the borderland between high and decorative art. Some critics feel they did not break new ground; others the opposite, that they drew serious attention to this terrain. Rob Wynne, a New York artist who is represented by the same Paris dealer, will surely not be the only one to see the influence of the Lalannes on artists, such as Barry Flanagan, a Welsh sculptor known for his giant bronze hares, or the famous fish lamps made by Frank Gehry. In the Lalannes’ world the down-to-earth and the funny merge with the fantastical and baroque.
Go to Paris for one of this spring’s most enjoyable exhibitions
Apr 8th 2010 |
A SCULPTED grasshopper that measures six feet (1.85 metres) in length stands at the entrance to the private apartments at Windsor Castle. Made of brass, steel and Sèvres porcelain, it was a gift to Queen Elizabeth from President Georges Pompidou after her state visit to France in 1972. It was an arresting, witty and practical offering: lift up the creature’s back and the interior serves as a wine cooler. The grasshopper was made in Paris by François-Xavier Lalanne, who, since the 1960s, had exhibited with his wife, Claude, as the Lalannes.
Unlike Claes Oldenburg and his wife, Coosje van Bruggen, the Lalannes did not collaborate so much as co-create. These independent artisan-artists made their pieces out of metal, but he hammered and riveted while she moulded. In their choice of subject matter they were polar opposites. He favoured animals; she vegetation. Nevertheless, as a 150-piece retrospective in Paris demonstrates, seen together their works produce an echoing harmony. At once punchy and dreamlike, this is a hugely attractive show.
Visitors are greeted by a bronze rabbit, 11 feet long with ears blown back as if by the wind. Its feet, however, are hooves and its tail is that of a bird. The large bronze cat also combines elements of several creatures. When young, Mr Lalanne worked as a guard at the Louvre, where he studied its Egyptian collection. The influence of Hindu deities is also clear. Among his other works on view are a rocking-chair bird, a series of life-sized rhinos and a gorilla whose chest opens to reveal a safe. Many of Mrs Lalanne’s pieces are fashioned from sinuous vines and leaves twisted into candelabra, garden benches, jewellery and gates. Their debt to Surrealism and Art Nouveau is obvious. So is their droll, devil-may-care inventiveness.
Mr Lalanne died in December 2008. His widow chose Peter Marino, an architect-decorator and longtime friend and Lalanne collector, to design this exhibition. The result is a mixture of intimate and public spaces; cosy rooms and sweeping, contemporary-gallery-style vistas. Some walls are covered in ivy. Part of the vast central court is a turquoise reflecting pool which has no water, but is filled with frogs and graceful waterfowl. It is backed by sand dunes on which two shaggy camels rest. Elsewhere in the court a flock of life-sized sheep straggle across a field of AstroTurf. It was sheep on rollers that launched the Lalannes’ career. In 1966 Mr Lalanne sent a herd of 24 woolly ones to the Salon de la Jeune Peinture. Each could be sat on; together they became banquettes or beds. They were hailed as three-dimensional Magrittes. The Lalannes were on the art map.
Alexander Iolas, champion of the Surrealists, became their dealer and introduced the Lalannes to America. A year after the Salon, the Art Institute of Chicago gave them a show, and Life magazine a four-page spread. “Baby” Jane Holzer, known as one of Andy Warhol’s “superstars”, asked Mr Lalanne to make one of his rhinos in leather. That beast, which breaks into a set of comfy-looking chairs, was shown in the early 1970s at the influential Castelli gallery in New York. It is one of the works on loan to the Paris show.
By the 1980s Mr Iolas’s gallery had closed; minimalism and conceptualism were in vogue in America. It was not until 2007 that a dealer named Paul Kasmin began to represent them in New York. Their work was snapped up by a new generation of young collectors. Two years later, he organised a display of Lalanne sculptures along the traffic islands on Park Avenue, including Mrs Lalanne’s bronze of a big, big apple.
The artists’ greatest admirers have been in France. A room in the retrospective spotlights Yves Saint Laurent’s acquisitions. Among them are a modernist bar by Mr Lalanne and a group of mirrors by his widow. At Christie’s Yves Saint Laurent/Pierre Bergé sale last year the Lalanne bar sold for more than $3.5m, over ten times the top estimate, and the ensemble of 15 mirrors for nearly $2.5m, twice the estimate. The whopping prices and global coverage of the sale introduced the Lalannes to a new audience. Ben Brown, their London dealer, reports that his biggest problem now is not finding buyers, but works to sell.
The Lalannes have always occupied the borderland between high and decorative art. Some critics feel they did not break new ground; others the opposite, that they drew serious attention to this terrain. Rob Wynne, a New York artist who is represented by the same Paris dealer, will surely not be the only one to see the influence of the Lalannes on artists, such as Barry Flanagan, a Welsh sculptor known for his giant bronze hares, or the famous fish lamps made by Frank Gehry. In the Lalannes’ world the down-to-earth and the funny merge with the fantastical and baroque.
Obra Prima do Dia (Semana René Magritte) Pintura – Lola de Valence (1948)
Obra Prima do Dia (Semana René Magritte)
Pintura – Lola de Valence (1948)
Na França as críticas ferrenhas ao surrealismo belga continuavam. As relações de Magritte com Paris seriam sempre difíceis. Ele parecia não se incomodar com isso, mas não ser reconhecido em Paris, devia pesar.
Magritte encontrou um bom marchand em Alexander Iolas, um grego responsável pelo sucesso de muitos artistas. No entanto, quando Iolas conseguiu que ele fosse convidado para uma individual em Paris, em 1948, Magritte não se impressionou, nem se curvou.
A exposição, na Galerie du Faubourg, criou polêmica. O estilo empregado nas telas era próximo do fovismo e foi chamado pelo pintor de “vache”, literalmente “vaca’. Em francês a palavra servia e ainda serve para muitos usos: tirando o nome do animal, pode ser uma expressão de indignação “La vache!”; se referir a uma mulher gorda; a uma pessoa sem caráter e má; à pessoa preguiçosa. Um amor mais físico que emocional, é um ‘amour-vache”.
E surgiu o que ficou conhecido como “période vache”, no estilo “potache”, ou seja, com a inconseqüência e o pacholismo próprio dos estudantes. As telas, sobre o vulgar e o rude, inteiramente diferentes do estilo contido e elegante de seus outros quadros, mais o texto de apresentação, em termos pouco usuais, cheios de gíria, assinado pelo poeta Louis Scutenaire, foram o estopim de um bom escândalo.
Anos mais tarde ambos, Magritte e Scutenaire confessariam que a intenção era mesmo agredir e chocar. Como belgas, estavam cansados de ser chamados de camponeses toscos e quiseram se vingar do que consideravam arrogância e pedantismo dos franceses.
Na década de 60, quando catalogou suas obras, Magritte se referiu ao período “vache” como ao seu estilo fauve e chamou as telas dessa época de “as pinturas daquele maldito período”. Ele parecia não querer se lembrar direito do que foi e porque criou o estilo “vache” (de um texto de Bernard Marcadé, curador e crítico de arte francês)
“Lola de Valence” é uma tela “vache”, uma ironia com o quadro de Édouard Manet (1862) que imortalizou a dançarina espanhola Lola Melea e com uma quadra de Charles Baudelaire em homenagem à beleza dela:
“Entre tant de beautés que partout on peut voir,
Je comprends bien, amis, que le désir balance;
Mais on voit scintiller en Lola de Valence
Le charme inattendu d'un bijou rose et noir.”
(Numa tradução inteiramente livre: “Entre tantas belezas que vemos por aí, compreendo bem, amigos, que o desejo hesite; mas vemos cintilar em Lola de Valence o encanto inesperado de uma jóia rosa e negra”).
Pode-se compreender como os franceses ficaram ofendidos com a gozação a seu poeta e a seu pintor...
Pintura – Lola de Valence (1948)
Na França as críticas ferrenhas ao surrealismo belga continuavam. As relações de Magritte com Paris seriam sempre difíceis. Ele parecia não se incomodar com isso, mas não ser reconhecido em Paris, devia pesar.
Magritte encontrou um bom marchand em Alexander Iolas, um grego responsável pelo sucesso de muitos artistas. No entanto, quando Iolas conseguiu que ele fosse convidado para uma individual em Paris, em 1948, Magritte não se impressionou, nem se curvou.
A exposição, na Galerie du Faubourg, criou polêmica. O estilo empregado nas telas era próximo do fovismo e foi chamado pelo pintor de “vache”, literalmente “vaca’. Em francês a palavra servia e ainda serve para muitos usos: tirando o nome do animal, pode ser uma expressão de indignação “La vache!”; se referir a uma mulher gorda; a uma pessoa sem caráter e má; à pessoa preguiçosa. Um amor mais físico que emocional, é um ‘amour-vache”.
E surgiu o que ficou conhecido como “période vache”, no estilo “potache”, ou seja, com a inconseqüência e o pacholismo próprio dos estudantes. As telas, sobre o vulgar e o rude, inteiramente diferentes do estilo contido e elegante de seus outros quadros, mais o texto de apresentação, em termos pouco usuais, cheios de gíria, assinado pelo poeta Louis Scutenaire, foram o estopim de um bom escândalo.
Anos mais tarde ambos, Magritte e Scutenaire confessariam que a intenção era mesmo agredir e chocar. Como belgas, estavam cansados de ser chamados de camponeses toscos e quiseram se vingar do que consideravam arrogância e pedantismo dos franceses.
Na década de 60, quando catalogou suas obras, Magritte se referiu ao período “vache” como ao seu estilo fauve e chamou as telas dessa época de “as pinturas daquele maldito período”. Ele parecia não querer se lembrar direito do que foi e porque criou o estilo “vache” (de um texto de Bernard Marcadé, curador e crítico de arte francês)
“Lola de Valence” é uma tela “vache”, uma ironia com o quadro de Édouard Manet (1862) que imortalizou a dançarina espanhola Lola Melea e com uma quadra de Charles Baudelaire em homenagem à beleza dela:
“Entre tant de beautés que partout on peut voir,
Je comprends bien, amis, que le désir balance;
Mais on voit scintiller en Lola de Valence
Le charme inattendu d'un bijou rose et noir.”
(Numa tradução inteiramente livre: “Entre tantas belezas que vemos por aí, compreendo bem, amigos, que o desejo hesite; mas vemos cintilar em Lola de Valence o encanto inesperado de uma jóia rosa e negra”).
Pode-se compreender como os franceses ficaram ofendidos com a gozação a seu poeta e a seu pintor...
4/21/2010
RENE ROBERT BOUCHE (Robert August Buchstein)
"My style may be described as a kind of loving criticism" RB 1959
Bouché had his first three exhibitions at Alexander Iolas gallery.
The following text is from the 1991 exhibition program of his portraits at Achim Moeller Fine Art in New York.
RENE ROBERT BOUCHE (Robert August Buchstein) was born on 20th September 1905, in Austro-Hungarian Prague.
By the age of 15 in Munich, he has already become an illustrator and meets Richard Lindner, who will remain his lifelong friend. In 1926 at age 21, he studies art history under Heinrich Wölfflin at Munich University while earning a living as an illustrator of children’s books.
The Following year he moves to Berlin and adopts the name René Robert Bouché. He becomes a professional illustrator and meets his first wife, Margo (Pony) Schoenlank. Shortly after Hitler comes to power, René and Pony leave for Paris where he studies with Amedée Ozenfant at the Académie Ozenfant. In January 1934 their son, Michel, is born.
Between 1934 and 1938 René Bouché contributes drawings to the magazine Plaisir de France and advertising for Nestlé. In 1938, he begins his work for Vogue (Condé Nast), to which he remains committed throughout his life. While in France, René is separated from his wife and son and forced to escape from advancing German forces, making his way to Cassis-sur-Mer, and after a brief period in a detention camp eventually arrives in Lisbon. From there he leaves for the United State on what was to be one of the last crossing before Pearl Harbor.
When he arrives in the New World, the young artist enlists in the army, but an accident the night before his enrollment leaves him with severe injuries and a long hospitalization. Honorably discharged from the army, he gains U.S. citizenship, continues his work for Vogue, and illustrates advertisements for Saks Fifth Avenue and Elizabeth Arden, where he is their chief advertising campaign illustrator. In 1944 he teaches at the Art Students League. After the war, he is reunited with his wife and son, but the couple soon separate and are divorced in 1954.
Up to the late forties, René Bouché’s paintings are figurative, and in 1948 he becomes absorbed in abstract expressionism, joining Motherwell, de Kooning and Pollock as a member of the The Eighth Street Avant-Garde Painters Club. He loses interest in abstract expressionism by 1953 and decides to concentrate on portraits. At the same time he is among the most successful and original advertising illustrators of his time.
We know his portraits of CBS radio and television personalities like Jack Benny, Edward R. Murrow, and Ed Sullivan, and his numerous Time Magazine covers. His remarkable watercolors for Schweppes and his advertising campaign for Jaguar lead to a major commission from Buick (GM). He designs stage sets and costumes for the Theatre Guild’s Child of Fortune (1954) and the American Ballet Theater’s Offenbach in the Underworld (1956). His murals for the Seven Hills of Rome restaurant in the New York Hilton (1962) were the last major commission in his career.
He meets an editor of Vogue, Denise Lawson-Johnston, in 1956 and marries her in 1962. During the winter of 1962, he embarks on a new style. The strong black lines so characteristic of his drawings are replaced by large patterns of color, defining forms. This is followed by a rather radical change just two weeks before his death in 1963 in East Grinstead, England, when he draws with charcoal. These drawings are totally devoid of color, features only emerging through patterns of lines. However his portraits, both drawing sand paintings, constitute the most significant testimony to René Bouché’s talent. He finds New York a formidable stage for his characters and draws and paints with freedom and dedication some of the city’s most fascinating and eccentric, resident and visiting personalities, particularly from the world of the arts. Braque, Lipchitz, Cocteau, Stravinsky, Calder, de Kooning, Motherwell, Saul Steinberg, and Clement Greenberg are among his subjects, and a selection of their portraits is included in this present exhibition.
Only three months before he died on 3rd July 1963, René Bouché writes in his notebook: “Today, as ever—and perhaps even more than ever—our only common credo is the human enigma.”
René Bouché called his portraiture “loving criticism,” and as a portrait painter he is in a class of his own.
Bouché had his first three exhibitions at Alexander Iolas gallery.
The following text is from the 1991 exhibition program of his portraits at Achim Moeller Fine Art in New York.
RENE ROBERT BOUCHE (Robert August Buchstein) was born on 20th September 1905, in Austro-Hungarian Prague.
By the age of 15 in Munich, he has already become an illustrator and meets Richard Lindner, who will remain his lifelong friend. In 1926 at age 21, he studies art history under Heinrich Wölfflin at Munich University while earning a living as an illustrator of children’s books.
The Following year he moves to Berlin and adopts the name René Robert Bouché. He becomes a professional illustrator and meets his first wife, Margo (Pony) Schoenlank. Shortly after Hitler comes to power, René and Pony leave for Paris where he studies with Amedée Ozenfant at the Académie Ozenfant. In January 1934 their son, Michel, is born.
Between 1934 and 1938 René Bouché contributes drawings to the magazine Plaisir de France and advertising for Nestlé. In 1938, he begins his work for Vogue (Condé Nast), to which he remains committed throughout his life. While in France, René is separated from his wife and son and forced to escape from advancing German forces, making his way to Cassis-sur-Mer, and after a brief period in a detention camp eventually arrives in Lisbon. From there he leaves for the United State on what was to be one of the last crossing before Pearl Harbor.
When he arrives in the New World, the young artist enlists in the army, but an accident the night before his enrollment leaves him with severe injuries and a long hospitalization. Honorably discharged from the army, he gains U.S. citizenship, continues his work for Vogue, and illustrates advertisements for Saks Fifth Avenue and Elizabeth Arden, where he is their chief advertising campaign illustrator. In 1944 he teaches at the Art Students League. After the war, he is reunited with his wife and son, but the couple soon separate and are divorced in 1954.
Up to the late forties, René Bouché’s paintings are figurative, and in 1948 he becomes absorbed in abstract expressionism, joining Motherwell, de Kooning and Pollock as a member of the The Eighth Street Avant-Garde Painters Club. He loses interest in abstract expressionism by 1953 and decides to concentrate on portraits. At the same time he is among the most successful and original advertising illustrators of his time.
We know his portraits of CBS radio and television personalities like Jack Benny, Edward R. Murrow, and Ed Sullivan, and his numerous Time Magazine covers. His remarkable watercolors for Schweppes and his advertising campaign for Jaguar lead to a major commission from Buick (GM). He designs stage sets and costumes for the Theatre Guild’s Child of Fortune (1954) and the American Ballet Theater’s Offenbach in the Underworld (1956). His murals for the Seven Hills of Rome restaurant in the New York Hilton (1962) were the last major commission in his career.
He meets an editor of Vogue, Denise Lawson-Johnston, in 1956 and marries her in 1962. During the winter of 1962, he embarks on a new style. The strong black lines so characteristic of his drawings are replaced by large patterns of color, defining forms. This is followed by a rather radical change just two weeks before his death in 1963 in East Grinstead, England, when he draws with charcoal. These drawings are totally devoid of color, features only emerging through patterns of lines. However his portraits, both drawing sand paintings, constitute the most significant testimony to René Bouché’s talent. He finds New York a formidable stage for his characters and draws and paints with freedom and dedication some of the city’s most fascinating and eccentric, resident and visiting personalities, particularly from the world of the arts. Braque, Lipchitz, Cocteau, Stravinsky, Calder, de Kooning, Motherwell, Saul Steinberg, and Clement Greenberg are among his subjects, and a selection of their portraits is included in this present exhibition.
Only three months before he died on 3rd July 1963, René Bouché writes in his notebook: “Today, as ever—and perhaps even more than ever—our only common credo is the human enigma.”
René Bouché called his portraiture “loving criticism,” and as a portrait painter he is in a class of his own.
Andy Warhol Pre-Pop: 1949 - 1962- Alexander Iolas
When Andy Warhol and Philip Pearlstein's sublease was up, they found another apartment through the New York Times classifieds - a large second floor room at 323 W. 21st Street which they rented from the dancer Franziska Marie Boas who shared the space with her friend Jan Gay and their large sheepdog named "Name."1 Boas was the daughter of the Prussian-born anthropologist, Franz Boas, who was the first professor of anthropology at Columbia University - a position he held for 37 years. In 1927 he had written a book, Primitive Art, which proposed a theory of dance as an emotional outlet and challenged the racial bias of the then prevalent theories of physical anthropology.2 His daughter, Franziska, also challenged racial bias by organizing multi-racial dance groups and classes. From 1933 to 1950 she ran the Boas School of Dance, with sessions held at the 21st Street apartment. She had divided the large room with a proscenium arch with Warhol and Pearlstein on one side of the arch and her dance classes on the other side. She was particularly keen on improvisational dance and sometimes invited artists to sketch the dancers while they improvised although it is not known whether Warhol participated in any of these sessions.
74 WEST 103RD ST.
In April 1950 Boas was evicted from the commercially zoned property and Warhol and Pearlstein were, again, forced to move. They went their separate ways. In August 1950, Pearlstein married an ex-classmate from Carnegie Tech, Dorothy Cantor, and Warhol was part of the wedding party. One of the first places that Philip and Dorothy lived in was an apartment they got from the artist Lester Johnson on East 4th Street between Avenues A and B.3 Pearlstein returned to school, studying for a Master of Arts degree at New York University's Institute of Fine Arts with a thesis on the Dada artists, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp.4 By the time of Pearlstein's wedding Warhol was living at 74 West 103rd Street.
Warhol shared the 103rd Street apartment with other classmates from Carnegie Tech. including Ellie Simon and Leila Davis. Although Ellie soon returned to Pittsburgh, Davis stayed in New York and took some rare photographs of Warhol during his early years. Another flatmate was Elaine Finsilver who had met some of the other people living in the apartment at a ballet class. Finsilver remembered that Warhol "shared his room with Tommy Quinland, and when Jack Hudson came, Jack moved in. And depending on who came last, there were three beds in the room. It was just a large, bare room except for usually three unmade beds, and Andy had his drawing table, I remember, on the left as you walked into the room... [The drawing table] was a nice taboret. It was like an architectural draftsman table, and he had a light over it. And all over it, he had all of his pens, and ink things were all neatly placed, and everything was in its place, and a lot of masking tape, and that's all... I used to got to my dance class. They [the other flatmates] usually never got up until two or three in the afternoon. So, by the time I got back, they were ready to have breakfast, which was, like six o'clock in the evening... Andy was not at that point in his life what one would call a 'hard worker.'6 Finsilver's characterization of Warhol is the opposite of what Philip Pearlstein remembered when he and Warhol were living together. According to Pearlstein, Warhol was "always a workaholic, obsessive" who worked into the night after Pearlstein had retired to bed.7
One of Finsilver's dates, Robert Fleisher, later recalled his own impressions of Warhol and the other people who lived at 103rd Street.
Andy Warhol, Victor Reilly and 103rd St. Gang
The 103rd Street Gang - New York 1950
Top row (L): Mata (a girlfriend of Victory Reilly's) and Jack Hudson
Second Row: Joey Ross, Victor (Buddy) Reilly,
Tommy Quinlan, Dale Blosser and Ellie Simon
Kneeling front: Jack (Mitch) Beaber and Andy Warhol
(Photo: Leila Davies Singeles)
Robert Fleisher:
"The first time that I ever saw Andy... he was working at this little desk doing sketches that he was trying to show to the editor of Park East. But in the room were very large canvases in oils. Serious painting somewhat... in the late thirties there was a newsreel of a bombing in China... and on the railroad track, there was a baby screaming - world famous... Andy did a version of that in pastel oils. It was a very large canvas... I thought it was spectacular, and it was partly line drawing with the blotted-line, but it was pastel oils. Now that's very early, way before he was a successful illustrator. I mean, when he had one pair of pants and [was] living in a cellar at 104th Street [sic] and Manhattan Avenue with six people... I became part of their crowd through Elaine and I saw them quite often..."8
Fleisher, as the stationery and gift buyer for Bergdorf Goodman, would later commission Warhol to design stationery for the department store. Henry Kaiser (of Kaiser Aluminium) was so impressed by Warhol's butterfly stationery that he purchased all of the first 60 boxes.9
Robert Fleisher:
"I was a buyer at Bergdorf. When I became the stationery buyer, I thought it would be great for Andy to do stuff for us... I had bought the Butterflies from Andy myself for my own personal collection. I think they were 10 dollars. They were among those that I helped hand paint myself. He had a stack of Butterflies this high, and we were all sitting there filling in, and so forth. But, I remember waking up one morning, racking my brain for a stationery design, looking at the wall, and there was this Andy Butterfly thing, and I said, 'Oh, my god!' and called Andy and he said we would love to do it. And we fixed a price, which Bergdorf paid. And we decided that he would do some party invitations and Christmas cards, and so forth, and he got paid and got the cards - a certain amount of stationery cards and invitations that he wanted for his own use. He complained bitterly for weeks afterwards that he had been taken advantage of and that we had to pay him more after he had signed and agreed and everything was fine. He did that over and over and over again - that he was being cheated, that he should have gotten more, that he had done it as a favour, blah-blah-blah."10
Another person who shared the apartment was Margery Beddow who, like Victor Reilly and Elaine Finsilver, was a dancer. Reilly and Beddow would appear together in the Broadway musical revue Two on the Aisle, which ran from July 1951 to March 1952. Prior to appearing in that production, Reilly had also appeared in the musical comedy, Where's Charley, at the Broadway Theatre. Beddow, who would later write a book on choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered Warhol sketching his roommates and then surprising them with a gift of the drawings in a loose-leaf notebook.11
24TH STREET
According to another ex-student from Carnegie Tech., Joseph Groell, Warhol moved in with him for "a month or two" beginning in November 1950, "until his mother came to New York and he found an apartment, I think in the 70s." According to Groell, "Andy was stuck paying the rent [at 103rd Street] and I think he was the primary tenant. And there were all these bizarre people who came and went and ran up a huge phone bill. And finally Andy, I guess, had too much of it, and couldn't cope with it, and he moved into my place."12
Groell's apartment was located at 24th Street between First and Second Avenue. He remembered Warhol adopting a novel approach when phoning art directors for work. Groell heard Warhol begin his telephone conversations with "Hello, I'm just sitting on my bed here, playing with my yo-yo," and joking with potential employers before asking for commissions: "I planted some bird seed in the park yesterday... would you like to order a bird? And do you have any work for me?"13 By adopting such novel approaches Warhol guaranteed that his name would be remembered by art directors in the highly competitive field of commercial illustration.
1951 - 1952: EAST 75TH STREET
By June 1951, Warhol was living in another apartment registered in Victor Reilly's name at 218 East 75th Street.14 By 1952, Warhol was living next door at 216 East 75th Street. It was while he was living on 75th Street that his mother, Julia, moved in with him from Pittsburgh. She would continue to live with Warhol until the autumn of 1970 when she returned to Pittsburgh for health reasons.15 In June 1952 Warhol had his first exhibition in New York at the Hugo Gallery.
JUNE 1952: THE HUGO GALLERY
Andy Warhol's first pre-Pop exhibition featured a series of drawings inspired by Truman Capote's short stories. Capote's first book, Other Voices, Other Rooms was published in 1948 when Warhol was still at college. Two months prior to Warhol's exhibit at the Hugo, Capote's play, The Grass Harp, had premiered on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theater, with sets and costumes designed by Cecil Beaton.
TRUMAN CAPOTE
Truman Capote
Photograph of Truman Capote used on the
book jacket of Other Voices, Other Rooms
(Photo: Harold Halma)
Truman Capote:
"When he was a child, Andy Warhol had this obsession about me and used to write me from Pittsburgh... When he came to New York, he used to stand outside my house, just stand out there all day waiting for me to come out. He wanted to become a friend of mine, wanted to speak to me, to talk to me. He nearly drove me crazy."16
The photograph of Truman that appeared on the dust jacket for Other Voices Other Rooms showing him seductively staring at the camera with his right hand resting above his groin, generated a considerable amount of controversy when it was published. According to Robert Fleisher Warhol was "madly in love" with Capote and "there was a photograph of Truman Capote on a couch, stretched out in a plaid vest, and that's what sent him [Warhol] off provisionally. As I remember, he had that around all the time and talked about it... it's from the back of Other Voices, Other Rooms..."16a
Truman Capote:
"I started writing when I was eight - out of the blue, uninspired by any example. I'd never known anyone who wrote; indeed, I knew few people who read... By the time I was seventeen, I was an accomplished writer... I sent off stories to the principal literary quarterlies, as well as to the national magazines... and stories by me duly appeared in those publications. Then, in 1948, I published a novel: Other Voices, Other Rooms. It was well received critically, and was a best seller. it was also, due to an exotic photograph of the author on the dust jacket, the start of a certain notoriety that has kept close step with me these many years. Indeed, many people attributed the commercial success of the novel to the photograph."16b
Warhol and Capote did eventually become friends. In 1973 Rolling Stone magazine commissioned Capote to write an article about the band, The Rolling Stones, and sent him on tour with them. When he came back without having written anything, the magazine asked Warhol to interview Capote about the tour. Warhol was accompanied by Bob Colacello who was, at the time, a contributing editor of Interview magazine. Early in the interview Warhol explains to Colacello that, "I used to write to Truman every day for years until his mother told me to stop it." When Truman says that he doesn't remember his mother doing that, Warhol responds, "She did. She called me up and said it. She was really sweet." Capote then replies, "She was drunk."17 Later in the interview Capote explains his reaction to Warhol's questioning:
Truman Capote: "You said something to me that really startled me when you came to the house today... You said that my mother telephoned you. I was absolutely startled. Really startled."
Andy Warhol: "You were? Why?"
Truman Capote: "Because my mother really was an alcoholic."
Andy Warhol: "But I met your mother."
Truman Capote: "I know you met my mother. But my mother was a very ill woman, and a total alcoholic... she was an alcoholic when you met her. She had been an alcoholic since I was 16, so she was an alcoholic when you met her... she had this sort of sweet thing, and then suddenly she'd - well you know she committed suicide."
Andy Warhol: "She did? Oh, I didn't know that. I thought she just got sick."
Truman Capote: "No, no, no, no. She committed suicide."18
It is interesting to note that neither Andy nor Truman mention meeting each other prior to the death of Capote's mother, Nina, who committed suicide in 1954.19 In the Rolling Stone interview, Warhol says that he met Capote's mother but does not claim to have met Truman during the same period. Yet several Warhol biographers have maintained that they did meet each other during Warhol's early years in New York.
ALEXANDRE IOLAS
The exhibition of Warhol's Capote inspired drawings ran at the Hugo Gallery from June 16 - July 3, 1952. The Hugo had been founded in 1944 by Robert Rothschild, Elizabeth Arden and Maria Hugo who was married to author Victor Hugo's grandson. In 1947 the gallery had hosted Bloodflames, a show of Surrealists which included work by Gorky and Matta. At the time of Warhol's show, the director of the gallery was Alexandre Iolas, assisted by David Mann, the gallery's manager. Iolas would also be responsible for Warhol's last exhibition when, in January 1987, he showed Warhol's Last Supper paintings in Milan at the Palazzo delle Stelline, across from the Church of Santa Maria della Grazie which housed Leonardo's Last Supper. Iolas had commissioned Warhol to do his version of Leonardo's painting in early 1986.
Alexandre Iolas
As a dancer in 1929(L)/With his doberman, Frida (R)
Alexandre Iolas (ca. 1984):
"Early on, I did an exhibition of Andy Warhol in my gallery... The boy is a very important artist, Andy, because he helped America. He mixes very much with youth, and with all the chic people - you know, the bums. When you have such a stupid expression as Andy has - when he is being silent, before the smile starts - when you look like that, you can do anything you want in the world. As Christ said to all those priests, 'Suffer the little children to come unto me,' and Warhol is a horrible child. He has helped America to get rid of its puritanism, either with his half-pornographic, half esthetic films or else with his portraits of the fake stars he has around him and the real stars he has always liked. He's an amazing person, and probably someday he will be considered a saint."35
Iolas, born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1908, came from a dance background. After studying ballet in Berlin he fled to Paris during Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. In Paris he continued to study dance and socialized with artists such as Jean Cocteau, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst and Man Ray. After moving to New York he was able to draw on these artistic contacts when he quit dancing in order to concentrate on his career as an art dealer. After working at the Hugo gallery, he founded the Jackson-Iolas Gallery in 1955 with former dancer, Brooks Jackson and later opened galleries in Paris, Milan, Madrid and Mexico City. He died of AIDs in June 1987 - just four months after Warhol had died in the same hospital in New York.
At the time of his death, Iolas was embroiled in his own Greek tragedy. Anonis Nikolaou, a transvestite who called himself Maria Kallas, had been employed by Iolas at his home in Greece. In 1985 Iolas fired Kallas for "acute alcoholism, pathological lying," and stealing "small but valuable" objects from Iolas' collection. Kallas fought back. He publicly accused Iolas of "antiquities smuggling, drug peddling, and the prostitution of young men," naming the former president, Konstantine Karamanlis, as a frequent visitor to orgies hosted by Iolas. The Greek daily newspaper, Avriani, published Iolas' home number and urged readers to phone him and "curse" him. Greek film director, Costa Gavras circulated an open letter in support of the art dealer signed by 150 cultural and political heavyweights, including French president Francois Mitterand. In spite of this, the district attorney told Iolas that he would be charged with prostitution, possession of drugs and smuggling antiquities. He was ordered to present himself to the Greek courts on July 17, 1987, but by the time the court date came up, he was already dead.38
74 WEST 103RD ST.
In April 1950 Boas was evicted from the commercially zoned property and Warhol and Pearlstein were, again, forced to move. They went their separate ways. In August 1950, Pearlstein married an ex-classmate from Carnegie Tech, Dorothy Cantor, and Warhol was part of the wedding party. One of the first places that Philip and Dorothy lived in was an apartment they got from the artist Lester Johnson on East 4th Street between Avenues A and B.3 Pearlstein returned to school, studying for a Master of Arts degree at New York University's Institute of Fine Arts with a thesis on the Dada artists, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp.4 By the time of Pearlstein's wedding Warhol was living at 74 West 103rd Street.
Warhol shared the 103rd Street apartment with other classmates from Carnegie Tech. including Ellie Simon and Leila Davis. Although Ellie soon returned to Pittsburgh, Davis stayed in New York and took some rare photographs of Warhol during his early years. Another flatmate was Elaine Finsilver who had met some of the other people living in the apartment at a ballet class. Finsilver remembered that Warhol "shared his room with Tommy Quinland, and when Jack Hudson came, Jack moved in. And depending on who came last, there were three beds in the room. It was just a large, bare room except for usually three unmade beds, and Andy had his drawing table, I remember, on the left as you walked into the room... [The drawing table] was a nice taboret. It was like an architectural draftsman table, and he had a light over it. And all over it, he had all of his pens, and ink things were all neatly placed, and everything was in its place, and a lot of masking tape, and that's all... I used to got to my dance class. They [the other flatmates] usually never got up until two or three in the afternoon. So, by the time I got back, they were ready to have breakfast, which was, like six o'clock in the evening... Andy was not at that point in his life what one would call a 'hard worker.'6 Finsilver's characterization of Warhol is the opposite of what Philip Pearlstein remembered when he and Warhol were living together. According to Pearlstein, Warhol was "always a workaholic, obsessive" who worked into the night after Pearlstein had retired to bed.7
One of Finsilver's dates, Robert Fleisher, later recalled his own impressions of Warhol and the other people who lived at 103rd Street.
Andy Warhol, Victor Reilly and 103rd St. Gang
The 103rd Street Gang - New York 1950
Top row (L): Mata (a girlfriend of Victory Reilly's) and Jack Hudson
Second Row: Joey Ross, Victor (Buddy) Reilly,
Tommy Quinlan, Dale Blosser and Ellie Simon
Kneeling front: Jack (Mitch) Beaber and Andy Warhol
(Photo: Leila Davies Singeles)
Robert Fleisher:
"The first time that I ever saw Andy... he was working at this little desk doing sketches that he was trying to show to the editor of Park East. But in the room were very large canvases in oils. Serious painting somewhat... in the late thirties there was a newsreel of a bombing in China... and on the railroad track, there was a baby screaming - world famous... Andy did a version of that in pastel oils. It was a very large canvas... I thought it was spectacular, and it was partly line drawing with the blotted-line, but it was pastel oils. Now that's very early, way before he was a successful illustrator. I mean, when he had one pair of pants and [was] living in a cellar at 104th Street [sic] and Manhattan Avenue with six people... I became part of their crowd through Elaine and I saw them quite often..."8
Fleisher, as the stationery and gift buyer for Bergdorf Goodman, would later commission Warhol to design stationery for the department store. Henry Kaiser (of Kaiser Aluminium) was so impressed by Warhol's butterfly stationery that he purchased all of the first 60 boxes.9
Robert Fleisher:
"I was a buyer at Bergdorf. When I became the stationery buyer, I thought it would be great for Andy to do stuff for us... I had bought the Butterflies from Andy myself for my own personal collection. I think they were 10 dollars. They were among those that I helped hand paint myself. He had a stack of Butterflies this high, and we were all sitting there filling in, and so forth. But, I remember waking up one morning, racking my brain for a stationery design, looking at the wall, and there was this Andy Butterfly thing, and I said, 'Oh, my god!' and called Andy and he said we would love to do it. And we fixed a price, which Bergdorf paid. And we decided that he would do some party invitations and Christmas cards, and so forth, and he got paid and got the cards - a certain amount of stationery cards and invitations that he wanted for his own use. He complained bitterly for weeks afterwards that he had been taken advantage of and that we had to pay him more after he had signed and agreed and everything was fine. He did that over and over and over again - that he was being cheated, that he should have gotten more, that he had done it as a favour, blah-blah-blah."10
Another person who shared the apartment was Margery Beddow who, like Victor Reilly and Elaine Finsilver, was a dancer. Reilly and Beddow would appear together in the Broadway musical revue Two on the Aisle, which ran from July 1951 to March 1952. Prior to appearing in that production, Reilly had also appeared in the musical comedy, Where's Charley, at the Broadway Theatre. Beddow, who would later write a book on choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered Warhol sketching his roommates and then surprising them with a gift of the drawings in a loose-leaf notebook.11
24TH STREET
According to another ex-student from Carnegie Tech., Joseph Groell, Warhol moved in with him for "a month or two" beginning in November 1950, "until his mother came to New York and he found an apartment, I think in the 70s." According to Groell, "Andy was stuck paying the rent [at 103rd Street] and I think he was the primary tenant. And there were all these bizarre people who came and went and ran up a huge phone bill. And finally Andy, I guess, had too much of it, and couldn't cope with it, and he moved into my place."12
Groell's apartment was located at 24th Street between First and Second Avenue. He remembered Warhol adopting a novel approach when phoning art directors for work. Groell heard Warhol begin his telephone conversations with "Hello, I'm just sitting on my bed here, playing with my yo-yo," and joking with potential employers before asking for commissions: "I planted some bird seed in the park yesterday... would you like to order a bird? And do you have any work for me?"13 By adopting such novel approaches Warhol guaranteed that his name would be remembered by art directors in the highly competitive field of commercial illustration.
1951 - 1952: EAST 75TH STREET
By June 1951, Warhol was living in another apartment registered in Victor Reilly's name at 218 East 75th Street.14 By 1952, Warhol was living next door at 216 East 75th Street. It was while he was living on 75th Street that his mother, Julia, moved in with him from Pittsburgh. She would continue to live with Warhol until the autumn of 1970 when she returned to Pittsburgh for health reasons.15 In June 1952 Warhol had his first exhibition in New York at the Hugo Gallery.
JUNE 1952: THE HUGO GALLERY
Andy Warhol's first pre-Pop exhibition featured a series of drawings inspired by Truman Capote's short stories. Capote's first book, Other Voices, Other Rooms was published in 1948 when Warhol was still at college. Two months prior to Warhol's exhibit at the Hugo, Capote's play, The Grass Harp, had premiered on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theater, with sets and costumes designed by Cecil Beaton.
TRUMAN CAPOTE
Truman Capote
Photograph of Truman Capote used on the
book jacket of Other Voices, Other Rooms
(Photo: Harold Halma)
Truman Capote:
"When he was a child, Andy Warhol had this obsession about me and used to write me from Pittsburgh... When he came to New York, he used to stand outside my house, just stand out there all day waiting for me to come out. He wanted to become a friend of mine, wanted to speak to me, to talk to me. He nearly drove me crazy."16
The photograph of Truman that appeared on the dust jacket for Other Voices Other Rooms showing him seductively staring at the camera with his right hand resting above his groin, generated a considerable amount of controversy when it was published. According to Robert Fleisher Warhol was "madly in love" with Capote and "there was a photograph of Truman Capote on a couch, stretched out in a plaid vest, and that's what sent him [Warhol] off provisionally. As I remember, he had that around all the time and talked about it... it's from the back of Other Voices, Other Rooms..."16a
Truman Capote:
"I started writing when I was eight - out of the blue, uninspired by any example. I'd never known anyone who wrote; indeed, I knew few people who read... By the time I was seventeen, I was an accomplished writer... I sent off stories to the principal literary quarterlies, as well as to the national magazines... and stories by me duly appeared in those publications. Then, in 1948, I published a novel: Other Voices, Other Rooms. It was well received critically, and was a best seller. it was also, due to an exotic photograph of the author on the dust jacket, the start of a certain notoriety that has kept close step with me these many years. Indeed, many people attributed the commercial success of the novel to the photograph."16b
Warhol and Capote did eventually become friends. In 1973 Rolling Stone magazine commissioned Capote to write an article about the band, The Rolling Stones, and sent him on tour with them. When he came back without having written anything, the magazine asked Warhol to interview Capote about the tour. Warhol was accompanied by Bob Colacello who was, at the time, a contributing editor of Interview magazine. Early in the interview Warhol explains to Colacello that, "I used to write to Truman every day for years until his mother told me to stop it." When Truman says that he doesn't remember his mother doing that, Warhol responds, "She did. She called me up and said it. She was really sweet." Capote then replies, "She was drunk."17 Later in the interview Capote explains his reaction to Warhol's questioning:
Truman Capote: "You said something to me that really startled me when you came to the house today... You said that my mother telephoned you. I was absolutely startled. Really startled."
Andy Warhol: "You were? Why?"
Truman Capote: "Because my mother really was an alcoholic."
Andy Warhol: "But I met your mother."
Truman Capote: "I know you met my mother. But my mother was a very ill woman, and a total alcoholic... she was an alcoholic when you met her. She had been an alcoholic since I was 16, so she was an alcoholic when you met her... she had this sort of sweet thing, and then suddenly she'd - well you know she committed suicide."
Andy Warhol: "She did? Oh, I didn't know that. I thought she just got sick."
Truman Capote: "No, no, no, no. She committed suicide."18
It is interesting to note that neither Andy nor Truman mention meeting each other prior to the death of Capote's mother, Nina, who committed suicide in 1954.19 In the Rolling Stone interview, Warhol says that he met Capote's mother but does not claim to have met Truman during the same period. Yet several Warhol biographers have maintained that they did meet each other during Warhol's early years in New York.
ALEXANDRE IOLAS
The exhibition of Warhol's Capote inspired drawings ran at the Hugo Gallery from June 16 - July 3, 1952. The Hugo had been founded in 1944 by Robert Rothschild, Elizabeth Arden and Maria Hugo who was married to author Victor Hugo's grandson. In 1947 the gallery had hosted Bloodflames, a show of Surrealists which included work by Gorky and Matta. At the time of Warhol's show, the director of the gallery was Alexandre Iolas, assisted by David Mann, the gallery's manager. Iolas would also be responsible for Warhol's last exhibition when, in January 1987, he showed Warhol's Last Supper paintings in Milan at the Palazzo delle Stelline, across from the Church of Santa Maria della Grazie which housed Leonardo's Last Supper. Iolas had commissioned Warhol to do his version of Leonardo's painting in early 1986.
Alexandre Iolas
As a dancer in 1929(L)/With his doberman, Frida (R)
Alexandre Iolas (ca. 1984):
"Early on, I did an exhibition of Andy Warhol in my gallery... The boy is a very important artist, Andy, because he helped America. He mixes very much with youth, and with all the chic people - you know, the bums. When you have such a stupid expression as Andy has - when he is being silent, before the smile starts - when you look like that, you can do anything you want in the world. As Christ said to all those priests, 'Suffer the little children to come unto me,' and Warhol is a horrible child. He has helped America to get rid of its puritanism, either with his half-pornographic, half esthetic films or else with his portraits of the fake stars he has around him and the real stars he has always liked. He's an amazing person, and probably someday he will be considered a saint."35
Iolas, born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1908, came from a dance background. After studying ballet in Berlin he fled to Paris during Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. In Paris he continued to study dance and socialized with artists such as Jean Cocteau, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst and Man Ray. After moving to New York he was able to draw on these artistic contacts when he quit dancing in order to concentrate on his career as an art dealer. After working at the Hugo gallery, he founded the Jackson-Iolas Gallery in 1955 with former dancer, Brooks Jackson and later opened galleries in Paris, Milan, Madrid and Mexico City. He died of AIDs in June 1987 - just four months after Warhol had died in the same hospital in New York.
At the time of his death, Iolas was embroiled in his own Greek tragedy. Anonis Nikolaou, a transvestite who called himself Maria Kallas, had been employed by Iolas at his home in Greece. In 1985 Iolas fired Kallas for "acute alcoholism, pathological lying," and stealing "small but valuable" objects from Iolas' collection. Kallas fought back. He publicly accused Iolas of "antiquities smuggling, drug peddling, and the prostitution of young men," naming the former president, Konstantine Karamanlis, as a frequent visitor to orgies hosted by Iolas. The Greek daily newspaper, Avriani, published Iolas' home number and urged readers to phone him and "curse" him. Greek film director, Costa Gavras circulated an open letter in support of the art dealer signed by 150 cultural and political heavyweights, including French president Francois Mitterand. In spite of this, the district attorney told Iolas that he would be charged with prostitution, possession of drugs and smuggling antiquities. He was ordered to present himself to the Greek courts on July 17, 1987, but by the time the court date came up, he was already dead.38
Το Μέτρο στον Ελληνικό Πολιτισμό...
Από τον Νίκο Σταθούλη
Τι είναι αυτό που έκανε τη Τέχνη της Αθήνας ανά τους αιώνες να εμπνέει τους καλλιτέχνες , τους φιλοσόφους, τους επιστήμονες?
Λένε πολλοί ότι το ανεπανάληπτο με τη τέχνη της Αθήνας είναι η κλασσική ωραιότητα. Αλλά πως την εννοούν αυτή?
Δύσκολη και τολμηρή προσέγγιση. Γιατί η κλασσική ωραιότητα δε συνοδεύεται από στολίσματα απατηλών εντυπώσεων. Αλλά από αυτή τη σεμνή απλότητα, που σε συνδυασμό με την υπερήφανη εγκράτεια του ύφους, πάει κατευθείαν στην ουσία .
Θέλει μια πειθαρχία η μετάβαση αυτή. Και μια γνησιότητα που οι άλλοι αισθητικοί τρόποι δε την αγγίζουν.
Δε γοητεύτηκε μόνον ο Πικάσο από την τέχνη της Αθήνας. Αλλά και ο Ματίς, ο Ντε Κύρικο, ο Μάττα, ο Μαγγρίτ , ο Ντελβώ , ο Τζιακομέτι, ο Μαξ Έρνστ ο Αντι Γουόρχολ,… θα μπορούσαμε να αναφέρουμε δεκάδες καλλιτέχνες και ισάριθμους πολιτισμούς και πνευματικά κινήματα που πρότυπό τους είχαν την Τέχνη της Αθήνας, σαν ένα χαρακτηριστικό πολιτισμικό αγαθό, που όμοιο του δεν έχει υπάρξει.
Πριν από την ελληνική φιλοσοφία, δεν υπήρξαν αναγωγές σε έναν έσχατο σκοπό…σε μια πρώτη αρχή…
Για πρώτη φορά ο έλληνας έδωσε σε αυτό το αντίκρισμα, λογικό και επιστημονικό χαρακτήρα. Είναι αναγκαία αυτή η επισήμανση, γιατί αυτό κατά βάση είναι που ξεχωρίζει τον Ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό από τους κατά τα άλλα άξιους πολιτισμούς.
Στην Αθήνα γεννήθηκε η φιλοσοφία.
Άλλοι, οι Κινέζοι και οι Ινδοί, έχουν τους σοφούς, δεν έχουν φιλοσόφους, έχουν Sages και Sagesse, όχι φιλοσοφία.
Ποιο ήταν το μυστικό αναρωτιόνται ακόμη και σήμερα… Μα η ίδια η ελληνική φύση..
Εισδύοντας εντός μας η ελληνική φύση γίνεται στοιχείο της ψυχής μας. Γίνεται νόμος της ψυχής μας. Από αυτόν ακριβώς το νόμο προκύπτει το βασικό νόημα του Μ έ τ ρ ο υ , που είναι και το βασικό νόημα της ελληνικής Τέχνης.
Το μέτρο στα φυσικά μεγέθη, στις φυσικές δυνάμεις αλλά και στις ψυχικές εντάσεις.
Το Τιτανικό, το γιγάντιο, υπάρχει μόνο σαν αντίθεση στις παρυφές της Τέχνης της Αθήνας.
Εδώ όλα τα συλλαμβάνει το μάτι. Τα ελέγχει. Γιατί όλα φαίνονται. Ο νόμος του μέτρου ανεβάζει την ελληνική φύση στο άπλετο φώς. Η Ελληνική φύση είναι από φώς. Και καθώς η ελληνική φύση βρίσκεται και μέσα μας το φώς αυτό γίνεται ψυχικό, νοητό φώς. Γίνεται λόγος. Γίνεται εικόνα, παράσταση, άγαλμα… Η ελληνική φύση είναι η τέλεια έκφραση του Λόγου. Του καθαρού λόγου. Και είναι όμορφη από τις καθαρές της μορφές.
Άλλοτε οι μορφές αυτές, καθαρές και φωτεινές, έγιναν ολύμπιοι θεοί. Φυσικά αποκυήματα της ελληνικής φύσης. Του νόμου και του μέτρου της. Αργότερα οι μορφές αυτές έγιναν είδωλα θεών, αγάλματα. Έγιναν οι μορφές αυτές ναοί, βωμοί και ιερά άλση.
Αν αναφερθείς στη Τέχνη της Αθήνας, σίγουρα θα στρέψεις το βλέμμα σου στον Παρθενώνα.
Η Αθήνα έγινε για την Ιστορία της Τέχνης η πιο διάσημη. Η πιο σημαντική.
Εδώ καρποφόρησε η πιο μεγάλη και πιο εκπληκτική επανάσταση σε όλη την Ιστορία της Τέχνης.
Όταν οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες άρχισαν να σμιλεύουν μαρμάρινα αγάλματα, ξεκίνησαν από εκεί ακριβώς που είχαν σταματήσει οι Αιγύπτιοι και οι Ασσύριοι.
Οι Αιγύπτιοι είχαν βασίσει τη τέχνη τους στη γνώση. Οι Έλληνες άρχισαν να χρησιμοποιούν τα μάτια τους.
Από τη στιγμή που άρχισε αυτή η επανάσταση τίποτα δε μπορούσε να τη σταματήσει. Ήταν σαν να είχες ανοίξει ένα παράθυρο και το ρεύμα του παρέσυρε τα πάντα…Οι γλύπτες στα εργαστήρια τους δοκίμαζαν ολοένα και περισσότερους τρόπους να αναπαραστήσουν το ανθρώπινο σώμα.
Οι ζωγράφοι, με τις παραστάσεις στα κεραμικά τους, ήταν οι πρώτοι που ανακάλυψαν τη Βράχυνση των μορφών (500πΧ) προκειμένου να αποδώσουν με τελειότητα τις αναπαραστάσεις τους, στις σχετικά περιορισμένες διαστάσεις των αγγείων.
Η μεγάλη αυτή επανάσταση της Σχολής της Αθήνας, η ανακάλυψη της μορφής και της βράχυνσης, συνέβη σε μια εποχή που οι καλλιτέχνες άρχιζαν να αμφισβητούν τις παραδόσεις και τους μύθους που αφορούσαν τους θεούς και ερευνούν χωρίς προκατάληψη τη φύση των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η εποχή που γεννιούνται η Φιλοσοφία και η Επιστήμη, όπως την εννοούμε σήμερα.
Η τέχνη αυτή, έφτασε στο ύψιστο σημείο της εξέλιξής της όταν η Αθηναϊκή Δημοκρατία βρισκόταν στην ακμή της.
Αφού οι Αθηναίοι νίκησαν τους Πέρσες, ο δήμος, με ηγέτη τον Περικλή, άρχισε να χτίζει όλα όσα είχαν καταστρέψει οι εχθροί.
Το 480π.Χ οι ναοί επάνω στον ιερό βράχο είχαν καεί και λεηλατηθεί από τους Πέρσες. Ξαναχτίστηκαν τώρα από μάρμαρο, με μια λαμπρότητα και μια ευγένεια που δεν είχε γνωρίσει μέχρι τότε ο κόσμος της τέχνης..
Είναι η εποχή που μιλούσαν όλοι για τη μοναδικότητα της τέχνης στη Αθήνα. Ενός πολιτισμού, ο οποίος θρέφεται πιο τις πιο ισχυρές επαναστάσεις, τις αφομοιώνει τέλεια και στο βάθος μένει απρόσβλητος.
Λες και οτιδήποτε περάσει τα σύνορα αυτής της πόλης, υποβάλλεται σε μια κατεργασία που ένας αόρατος μηχανισμός θέτει σε ενέργεια… Κινημένος από τι? Τη Πλατωνική γεωμέτρηση?
Το Φώς? Όπως θέλετε ερμηνεύστε το.
Όλα τα έργα εκείνης της μεγάλης εποχής έχουν αυτή τη σοφία και τη μαστοριά στη διάταξη των μορφών.
Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες εκτιμούσαν ακόμη περισσότερο το γεγονός ότι η νέα ελευθερία που τους έδινε τη δυνατότητα να παραστήσουν το ανθρώπινο σώμα σε οπουδήποτε στάση η κίνηση, μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί για να καθρεφτίζει την εσωτερική ζωή των μορφών.
Η ζωγραφική και γλυπτική αυτής της περιόδου, η οποία ξεκινά με τη γενιά που διαδέχεται τον Φειδία, έχουν την ίδια χάρη και άνεση.
Η Αθήνα πολεμούσε τότε με τη Σπάρτη και ο φοβερός εκείνος πόλεμος ήταν το τέλος και της δικής της ευημερίας και της ευημερίας ολόκληρης της Ελλάδας.
Τα Φειδιακά αγάλματα των θεών ήταν ξακουστά σε ολόκληρη την Ελλάδα για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο παρίσταναν τους θεούς.
Τα μεγάλα γλυπτά όμως του τέταρτου αιώνα, χρωστούσαν τη φήμη τους ότι είναι ωραία έργα τέχνης. Οι καλλιεργημένοι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες συζητούσαν συχνότατα μεταξύ τους για τη γλυπτική, τη ζωγραφική, τη μουσική, τη ποίηση και το θέατρο.
Ο μεγαλύτερος γλύπτης της εποχής, ο Πραξιτέλης, ήταν ξακουστός για τη γοητεία και εκφραστικότητα των έργων του.
Ο κόσμος, συχνά πιστεύει ότι οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες καλλιτέχνες μελετούσαν πολλά μοντέλα και διάλεγαν μόνον όσα χαρακτηριστικά τους άρεσαν. Δεν είναι αλήθεια. Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες είχαν οδηγήσει τη τέχνη τους σε ένα σημείο, όπου οι τύποι και τα ατομικά χαρακτηριστικά να ισορροπούν με μια νέα λεπτή στάθμιση.
Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες θρυμμάτισαν τα αυστηρά ταμπού της πρώιμης ανατολικής τέχνης και ξανοίχτηκαν σε ένα εξερευνητικό ταξίδι, για να προσθέσουν μέσα από τη παρατήρηση, όλο και περισσότερα στοιχειά στις παραδοσιακές παραστάσεις του κόσμου.
Είναι αυτά ακριβώς τα χαρακτηριστικά στοιχειά που κράτησαν την Αθηναϊκή καλλιτεχνική έκφραση απαράμιλλη στους αιώνες.
Στα μεταγενέστερα χρόνια έγιναν ακόμη πιο ξεκάθαρες οι αναλογίες οι οποίες υπάρχουν ανάμεσα στη ποιητική και πλαστική έκφραση ολόκληρης της καλλιτεχνικής παραγωγής.
Στο διάβα των αιώνων αυτό έγινε ακόμη πιο φανερό.
Η δύση, στηρίχτηκε στον μορφασμό. Στην οφθαλμαπάτη. Στις αποχρώσεις. Σε αντίθεση με τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, στις πιο διαφορετικές της περιόδους, ακόμη και στο Βυζάντιο.
Πάντοτε ιδεόγραμμα. Ποτέ σκηνοθεσία. Πάντοτε φώς και σκιά με καθαρή αντιπαράθεση. Ποτέ αποχρώσεις. Πάντοτε σύνθεση. Ποτέ περιγραφή. Ακόμη και στη ποίηση ο λόγος ήταν υψηλός. Χτισμένος γερά. Με κάθε πρόβλεψη για εσωτερική στερεότητα και διάρκεια.
Αλλά και αργότερα, στα δύσκολα χρόνια των πολέμων και των κατακτήσεων, η Αθήνα, η Ελλάδα και σχεδόν ολόκληρη η Μεσόγειος, κάτω από αυτό το Φώς, διατήρησε τη φυσιογνωμία της ανέπαφη. Από την άποψη του κυττάρου που ζει και αντιδρά στον αφανισμό του.
Με τέτοιες αρχές ο Δομίνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος-Ελ Γκρέκο- έφτασε στο απόγειο της καλλιτεχνικής του έκφρασης.
Έτσι πήρε η Αθήνα δύο Νόμπελ-Γιώργος Σεφέρης, Οδυσσέας Ελύτης.
Κάπως έτσι, η Αθήνα έβγαλε μια ντουζίνα μεγάλους καλλιτέχνες στη σύγχρονη εποχή, μεταξύ των οποίων ο Λουκάς Σαμαράς, ο Τακις, ο Παύλος, ο Χατζηκυριάκος Γκίκας, ο Μόραλης, που αν προστεθούν δίπλα σε αυτά, οι θεωρητικοί τέχνης Νίκολας Κάλας, Ζερβός, ο συλλέκτης Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας ,φτάνουν από μόνα τους να γεμίσουν έναν ολόκληρο τόμο στην Ιστορία της Τέχνης της Αθήνας.
Η Ιστορία και οι Πολιτισμοί μετριούνται με τις χιλιετηρίδες. Έτσι μετριέται και η Ιστορία της Τέχνης. Η Τέχνη της Αθήνας έχει στο ενεργητικό της κύκλους μεγαλείου, τους οποίους καλείται ανά τους αιώνες να συνεχίζει…
Αν ένας εικαστικός ερευνητής παρατηρήσει τη προσέγγιση δια μέσου των αιώνων την Τέχνη της Αθήνας, θα δει τους έλληνες σα φύση.
Οι έλληνες σα φύση, δε στρεφόμαστε στο κλασσικό ιδανικό από προγονολατρεία η σωβινισμό.
Απλά είναι αυτή η αμείλικτη εσωτερική αναγκαιότητα. Η Φύση. Η Ιστορία. Το αίμα που μας καλούν προς τα εκεί.
Είναι δύσκολη η κατάκτηση του μοναδικού ιδανικού. Του Ωραίου.
Αυτό είναι για μας και άλλο δεν υπάρχει. Είναι βάσανο αυτό. Απαιτεί μόχθο. Είναι όμως το ιδανικό αυτό με το οποίο μας μοίρανε η μοίρα.
Η Κλασσική ωραιότητα είναι το βαρύ μας προνόμιο . Και το οποίο, ακόμα και στα δύσκολα χρόνια ,κανένας κατακτητής και καμία υποδούλωση δε μπόρεσε να μας στερήσει.
Η δημιουργία του ελεύθερου ελληνικού κράτους το 1830, έθεσε σε νέες βάσεις τον διάλογο των ελλήνων καλλιτεχνών με τη κλασσική κληρονομιά τους.
Μπορεί να μη πήραμε μέρος στην Αναγέννηση λόγω της υποδούλωσης μας από τον οθωμανικό ζυγό, ωστόσο ο νεοκλασικισμός ο οποίος ήταν το κυρίαρχο ρεύμα στην Ευρώπη, έστρεψε τα μάτια στην Ελλάδα.
Για να έρθει αμέσως μετά ο Ρομαντισμός και να ανάψει φωτιά... Να πυροδοτήσει ένα νέο πάθος για τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, μέχρι που στα τέλη του 19ου αι. έρχεται ο Νικόλαος Γύζης να αναβιώσει το πνεύμα και τη μορφή του Αρχαίου κάλους.
Τη περίοδο του Μεσοπολέμου, βλέποντας οι έλληνες καλλιτέχνες τα ιερά τέρατα της Ευρώπης… Πικάσο, Ματίς, Μαξ ¨Ερνστ, Μαγγρίτ, Ντε Κύρικο, Ντελβο,.. να στρέφονται στη κλασσική αρχαιότητα, επανασυνδέονται με τη προγονική τους κληρονομιά, την οποία δεν αποχωρίζονται ούτε σχεδόν στη καθημερινότητά τους αφού κάνουν τις βόλτες τους ανάμεσα σε αρχαία ερείπια και κιτρινισμένες κολώνες ξαπλωμένες στα χαμομήλια και τις παπαρούνες.
Οι αρχαίες και βυζαντινές πηγές γεμίζουν το έργο του Κωνσταντίνου Παρθένη (1878-1967) ενώ ο μεσογειακός Κυβισμός του Νίκου Χατζηκυριάκου Γκίκα (1906-1994)
θα γοητεύσει τον συλλέκτη Αλέξανδρο Ιόλα, ο οποίος θα του οργανώσει έκθεση στην Εθνική Πινακοθήκη τη δεκαετία του 50 , ενώ παράλληλα οργανώνει έκθεση του στη γκαλερί του στη Νέα Υόρκη με τα έργα του να γίνονται ανάρπαστα.
Ο Νίκος Εγγονόπουλος (1907-1985) βγάζει στο προσκήνιο θεούς και ήρωες της αρχαιότητας, βυζαντινούς αγίους καθώς και ήρωες της νεότερης Ιστορίας μας.
Ο Γιάννης Τσαρούχης(1910-1989) δίνει στους έφηβους και στα ανδρικά του γυμνά, ονόματα αγίων ενώ πληρώνοντας του καθημερινά τα έξοδά του ο Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας τον έστελνε με οδηγό στο Πειραιά να φτιάξει τα Νεοκλασικά του σπίτια γιατί εκεί πίστευε ότι ήταν η τεράστιά του σχεδιαστική δύναμη.
Την ίδια περίοδο ο Γιάννης Μόραλης (1910-2009) βρίσκει την έμπνευσή του στις αρχαίες επιτύμβιες στήλες και στις τοιχογραφίες της Πομπηίας.
Ο γλύπτης Τακις (1925) έρχεται να αντιστρέψει της φύσεως τη τάξη στη Γλυπτική, εισάγοντας τα μαγνητικά πεδία στο χώρο της τέχνης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα μαζί με τον Ζαν Τιγκελί, θεωρούνται πρωτεργάτες του κινήματος της Κινητικής Γλυπτικής.
Ο Γιάννης Κουνέλης, θεωρώντας τη ζωγραφική μια πολύ περιορισμένη εκφραστική δυνατότητα, χωρίς να εγκαταλείψει τη δισδιάστατη επιφάνεια του τελάρου, βγαίνει έξω από αυτό. Δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα έντονο εικαστικό παρόν στις διαστάσεις του χώρου. Ο ίδιος θεωρείται από τους πρωτεργάτες της Arte Povera.
Θα μπορούσαμε να παραθέσουμε δεκάδες ονόματα καλλιτεχνών που έκαναν διεθνή τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, μετά από μια πεισματική μονήρη αφοσίωση στα ρεύματα της Ευρώπης. Γιατί η εικαστική παιδεία στην Ελλάδα ακόμη δεν έχει ταυτότητα. Στην Ελλάδα η πολιτεία δεν έχει δει ακόμη ότι η Τέχνη είναι δημόσιο μέλημα…Είναι ευθύνη της πολιτείας η εκπαίδευση του έλληνα στις εικαστικές τέχνες.
Αυτό το κάνουν οι γκαλερί. Οι οποίες είναι ο κεντρικός πόλος της οικονομίας της τέχνης. Και οι οποίες μαζί με τους συλλέκτες διαμορφώνουν τη κοινή γνώμη αλλά και τα ρεύματα η τις τάσεις στο χώρο της Σύγχρονης Τέχνης.
Παράλληλα είναι τέτοια η δυναμική και το πάθος των ελλήνων συλλεκτών που διάσημοι οίκοι δημοπρασιών όπως είναι οι CHRISTIE’S και SOTHEBY’S οργανώνουν ειδικά GREEK SALES ενώ ανοίγουν παραρτήματά τους στην Αθήνα.
Οι συλλέκτες Γιώργος Κωστάκης και Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας γίνονται οι κυρίαρχοι του παιχνιδιού για πολλά χρόνια στο ανατολικό μπλοκ ο πρώτος, στην Ευρώπη και την Αμερική ο δεύτερος ενώ ταυτόχρονα οι έλληνες συλλέκτες συζητιούνται για το εύρος των συλλογών τους.. Οικογένεια Νιάρχου, Λαιμός, Βασίλης και Ελίζα Γουλανδρή Ντόλυ Γουλανδρή, Αλίκη Περωτή, Δημήτρης Παπαδημητρίου, Δάκης Ιωάννου, Λαυρέντης Λαυρεντιάδης ,Φρυσίρας, Απόστολος Δοξιάδης, Λιβανός…έχουν συγκροτήσει αριστουργηματικές συλλογές.
Η Αθήνα ήδη βρίσκεται σαν προορισμός στις ατζέντες των φιλότεχνων, όχι μόνο για το αρχιτεκτονικό επίτευγμα του νέου μουσείου της Ακρόπολης το οποίο σχεδίασε ο διασημος αρχιτέκτονας Μπερνάρ Τσουμί , αλλά συζητιέται ακόμα και για τους αρχιτεκτονικούς σχεδιασμούς του Ρέντζο Πιάνο ο οποίος ετοιμάζει την υλοποίηση των σχεδίων του για την Εθνική Λυρική Σκηνή και τη Βιβλιοθήκη στο φαληρικό Δέλτα με χορηγία του Ομίλου Νιάρχου , αλλά και για το αναμενόμενο Μουσείο του Ιδρύματος Βασίλη και Ελίζας Γουλανδρή σε σχέδια του Διάσημου αρχιτέκτονα Πέι .
Η Τέχνης της Αθήνας δεν έχει να ζηλέψει τίποτα από τις τέχνες στις μεγάλες μητροπόλεις του κόσμου.
Το όραμα της παγκοσμιοποίησης, η διεθνής μίξη του μεταμοντερνισμού, η πολυπολιτισμικότητα, παρουσιάζει στην Αθήνα έντονη κινητικότητα.
Έργα διάσημων καλλιτεχνών τα οποία πωλούνται σε ονομαστές γκαλερί του κόσμου, βρίσκονται και στις γκαλερί της Αθήνας , αλλά και σε ιδιωτικές και κρατικές συλλογές.
Προσωπικά ποτέ δε φανταζόμουνα όταν στη δεύτερη δεκαετία της ζωής μου το 1986,επισκεπτομουν μαζί με τον Αλέξανδρο Ιολα και τη Χριστιάννα Βαρδινογιάννη την έκθεση με τα κατουρημένα έργα του Αντι Γουόρχολ στη γκαλερί του διάσημου Λαρι Γκαγκόσιαν. ότι ο συγκεκριμένος γκαλερίστας θα άνοιγε το 2009 παράρτημα, γκαλερί- δορυφόρο στην Αθήνα.
Η Αθήνα δεν υπολείπεται τον κόσμο στις διεθνείς παρουσιάσεις σημαντικών καλλιτεχνών, αφού δεν είναι λίγες οι γκαλερί και οι ιδιωτικές και κρατικές συλλογές όπου έχουν παρουσιάσει δουλειά των Τζόζεφ Κόσουθ, Ζαν Κλέρ , Πίτερ Γκριναγουει, Χουάν Μουνιόζ, Γκίλμπερτ και Τζωρτζ, Μπίλ Βαιόλα, Μαρίνα Αμπράμοβιτς, Κίμ Σούζα, Γκλέν Λαουρι, Ρίτσαρντ Λόνγκ, Ρόζα Μαρτινεζ. Αλλά και έργα των ιερών τεράτων, Πικάσο, Γουόρχολ, Ματίς Μαξ ¨Ερνστ, Μαν Ρει, Ζαν Τιγκελί, Νικι ντε Σανφαλ, Ρομπερτ Ραουζενμπεργκ …
Η Τέχνη στην Αθήνα διευρύνεται. Νέοι θεσμοί όπως οι Μπιενάλε αλλά και σημαντικές διεθνείς συμπαραγωγές κατατάσσουν την Αθήνα στις ανήσυχες σύγχρονες μητροπολιτικές πρωτεύουσες του κόσμου.
Τι είναι αυτό που έκανε τη Τέχνη της Αθήνας ανά τους αιώνες να εμπνέει τους καλλιτέχνες , τους φιλοσόφους, τους επιστήμονες?
Λένε πολλοί ότι το ανεπανάληπτο με τη τέχνη της Αθήνας είναι η κλασσική ωραιότητα. Αλλά πως την εννοούν αυτή?
Δύσκολη και τολμηρή προσέγγιση. Γιατί η κλασσική ωραιότητα δε συνοδεύεται από στολίσματα απατηλών εντυπώσεων. Αλλά από αυτή τη σεμνή απλότητα, που σε συνδυασμό με την υπερήφανη εγκράτεια του ύφους, πάει κατευθείαν στην ουσία .
Θέλει μια πειθαρχία η μετάβαση αυτή. Και μια γνησιότητα που οι άλλοι αισθητικοί τρόποι δε την αγγίζουν.
Δε γοητεύτηκε μόνον ο Πικάσο από την τέχνη της Αθήνας. Αλλά και ο Ματίς, ο Ντε Κύρικο, ο Μάττα, ο Μαγγρίτ , ο Ντελβώ , ο Τζιακομέτι, ο Μαξ Έρνστ ο Αντι Γουόρχολ,… θα μπορούσαμε να αναφέρουμε δεκάδες καλλιτέχνες και ισάριθμους πολιτισμούς και πνευματικά κινήματα που πρότυπό τους είχαν την Τέχνη της Αθήνας, σαν ένα χαρακτηριστικό πολιτισμικό αγαθό, που όμοιο του δεν έχει υπάρξει.
Πριν από την ελληνική φιλοσοφία, δεν υπήρξαν αναγωγές σε έναν έσχατο σκοπό…σε μια πρώτη αρχή…
Για πρώτη φορά ο έλληνας έδωσε σε αυτό το αντίκρισμα, λογικό και επιστημονικό χαρακτήρα. Είναι αναγκαία αυτή η επισήμανση, γιατί αυτό κατά βάση είναι που ξεχωρίζει τον Ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό από τους κατά τα άλλα άξιους πολιτισμούς.
Στην Αθήνα γεννήθηκε η φιλοσοφία.
Άλλοι, οι Κινέζοι και οι Ινδοί, έχουν τους σοφούς, δεν έχουν φιλοσόφους, έχουν Sages και Sagesse, όχι φιλοσοφία.
Ποιο ήταν το μυστικό αναρωτιόνται ακόμη και σήμερα… Μα η ίδια η ελληνική φύση..
Εισδύοντας εντός μας η ελληνική φύση γίνεται στοιχείο της ψυχής μας. Γίνεται νόμος της ψυχής μας. Από αυτόν ακριβώς το νόμο προκύπτει το βασικό νόημα του Μ έ τ ρ ο υ , που είναι και το βασικό νόημα της ελληνικής Τέχνης.
Το μέτρο στα φυσικά μεγέθη, στις φυσικές δυνάμεις αλλά και στις ψυχικές εντάσεις.
Το Τιτανικό, το γιγάντιο, υπάρχει μόνο σαν αντίθεση στις παρυφές της Τέχνης της Αθήνας.
Εδώ όλα τα συλλαμβάνει το μάτι. Τα ελέγχει. Γιατί όλα φαίνονται. Ο νόμος του μέτρου ανεβάζει την ελληνική φύση στο άπλετο φώς. Η Ελληνική φύση είναι από φώς. Και καθώς η ελληνική φύση βρίσκεται και μέσα μας το φώς αυτό γίνεται ψυχικό, νοητό φώς. Γίνεται λόγος. Γίνεται εικόνα, παράσταση, άγαλμα… Η ελληνική φύση είναι η τέλεια έκφραση του Λόγου. Του καθαρού λόγου. Και είναι όμορφη από τις καθαρές της μορφές.
Άλλοτε οι μορφές αυτές, καθαρές και φωτεινές, έγιναν ολύμπιοι θεοί. Φυσικά αποκυήματα της ελληνικής φύσης. Του νόμου και του μέτρου της. Αργότερα οι μορφές αυτές έγιναν είδωλα θεών, αγάλματα. Έγιναν οι μορφές αυτές ναοί, βωμοί και ιερά άλση.
Αν αναφερθείς στη Τέχνη της Αθήνας, σίγουρα θα στρέψεις το βλέμμα σου στον Παρθενώνα.
Η Αθήνα έγινε για την Ιστορία της Τέχνης η πιο διάσημη. Η πιο σημαντική.
Εδώ καρποφόρησε η πιο μεγάλη και πιο εκπληκτική επανάσταση σε όλη την Ιστορία της Τέχνης.
Όταν οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες άρχισαν να σμιλεύουν μαρμάρινα αγάλματα, ξεκίνησαν από εκεί ακριβώς που είχαν σταματήσει οι Αιγύπτιοι και οι Ασσύριοι.
Οι Αιγύπτιοι είχαν βασίσει τη τέχνη τους στη γνώση. Οι Έλληνες άρχισαν να χρησιμοποιούν τα μάτια τους.
Από τη στιγμή που άρχισε αυτή η επανάσταση τίποτα δε μπορούσε να τη σταματήσει. Ήταν σαν να είχες ανοίξει ένα παράθυρο και το ρεύμα του παρέσυρε τα πάντα…Οι γλύπτες στα εργαστήρια τους δοκίμαζαν ολοένα και περισσότερους τρόπους να αναπαραστήσουν το ανθρώπινο σώμα.
Οι ζωγράφοι, με τις παραστάσεις στα κεραμικά τους, ήταν οι πρώτοι που ανακάλυψαν τη Βράχυνση των μορφών (500πΧ) προκειμένου να αποδώσουν με τελειότητα τις αναπαραστάσεις τους, στις σχετικά περιορισμένες διαστάσεις των αγγείων.
Η μεγάλη αυτή επανάσταση της Σχολής της Αθήνας, η ανακάλυψη της μορφής και της βράχυνσης, συνέβη σε μια εποχή που οι καλλιτέχνες άρχιζαν να αμφισβητούν τις παραδόσεις και τους μύθους που αφορούσαν τους θεούς και ερευνούν χωρίς προκατάληψη τη φύση των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η εποχή που γεννιούνται η Φιλοσοφία και η Επιστήμη, όπως την εννοούμε σήμερα.
Η τέχνη αυτή, έφτασε στο ύψιστο σημείο της εξέλιξής της όταν η Αθηναϊκή Δημοκρατία βρισκόταν στην ακμή της.
Αφού οι Αθηναίοι νίκησαν τους Πέρσες, ο δήμος, με ηγέτη τον Περικλή, άρχισε να χτίζει όλα όσα είχαν καταστρέψει οι εχθροί.
Το 480π.Χ οι ναοί επάνω στον ιερό βράχο είχαν καεί και λεηλατηθεί από τους Πέρσες. Ξαναχτίστηκαν τώρα από μάρμαρο, με μια λαμπρότητα και μια ευγένεια που δεν είχε γνωρίσει μέχρι τότε ο κόσμος της τέχνης..
Είναι η εποχή που μιλούσαν όλοι για τη μοναδικότητα της τέχνης στη Αθήνα. Ενός πολιτισμού, ο οποίος θρέφεται πιο τις πιο ισχυρές επαναστάσεις, τις αφομοιώνει τέλεια και στο βάθος μένει απρόσβλητος.
Λες και οτιδήποτε περάσει τα σύνορα αυτής της πόλης, υποβάλλεται σε μια κατεργασία που ένας αόρατος μηχανισμός θέτει σε ενέργεια… Κινημένος από τι? Τη Πλατωνική γεωμέτρηση?
Το Φώς? Όπως θέλετε ερμηνεύστε το.
Όλα τα έργα εκείνης της μεγάλης εποχής έχουν αυτή τη σοφία και τη μαστοριά στη διάταξη των μορφών.
Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες εκτιμούσαν ακόμη περισσότερο το γεγονός ότι η νέα ελευθερία που τους έδινε τη δυνατότητα να παραστήσουν το ανθρώπινο σώμα σε οπουδήποτε στάση η κίνηση, μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί για να καθρεφτίζει την εσωτερική ζωή των μορφών.
Η ζωγραφική και γλυπτική αυτής της περιόδου, η οποία ξεκινά με τη γενιά που διαδέχεται τον Φειδία, έχουν την ίδια χάρη και άνεση.
Η Αθήνα πολεμούσε τότε με τη Σπάρτη και ο φοβερός εκείνος πόλεμος ήταν το τέλος και της δικής της ευημερίας και της ευημερίας ολόκληρης της Ελλάδας.
Τα Φειδιακά αγάλματα των θεών ήταν ξακουστά σε ολόκληρη την Ελλάδα για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο παρίσταναν τους θεούς.
Τα μεγάλα γλυπτά όμως του τέταρτου αιώνα, χρωστούσαν τη φήμη τους ότι είναι ωραία έργα τέχνης. Οι καλλιεργημένοι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες συζητούσαν συχνότατα μεταξύ τους για τη γλυπτική, τη ζωγραφική, τη μουσική, τη ποίηση και το θέατρο.
Ο μεγαλύτερος γλύπτης της εποχής, ο Πραξιτέλης, ήταν ξακουστός για τη γοητεία και εκφραστικότητα των έργων του.
Ο κόσμος, συχνά πιστεύει ότι οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες καλλιτέχνες μελετούσαν πολλά μοντέλα και διάλεγαν μόνον όσα χαρακτηριστικά τους άρεσαν. Δεν είναι αλήθεια. Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες είχαν οδηγήσει τη τέχνη τους σε ένα σημείο, όπου οι τύποι και τα ατομικά χαρακτηριστικά να ισορροπούν με μια νέα λεπτή στάθμιση.
Οι Αθηναίοι καλλιτέχνες θρυμμάτισαν τα αυστηρά ταμπού της πρώιμης ανατολικής τέχνης και ξανοίχτηκαν σε ένα εξερευνητικό ταξίδι, για να προσθέσουν μέσα από τη παρατήρηση, όλο και περισσότερα στοιχειά στις παραδοσιακές παραστάσεις του κόσμου.
Είναι αυτά ακριβώς τα χαρακτηριστικά στοιχειά που κράτησαν την Αθηναϊκή καλλιτεχνική έκφραση απαράμιλλη στους αιώνες.
Στα μεταγενέστερα χρόνια έγιναν ακόμη πιο ξεκάθαρες οι αναλογίες οι οποίες υπάρχουν ανάμεσα στη ποιητική και πλαστική έκφραση ολόκληρης της καλλιτεχνικής παραγωγής.
Στο διάβα των αιώνων αυτό έγινε ακόμη πιο φανερό.
Η δύση, στηρίχτηκε στον μορφασμό. Στην οφθαλμαπάτη. Στις αποχρώσεις. Σε αντίθεση με τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, στις πιο διαφορετικές της περιόδους, ακόμη και στο Βυζάντιο.
Πάντοτε ιδεόγραμμα. Ποτέ σκηνοθεσία. Πάντοτε φώς και σκιά με καθαρή αντιπαράθεση. Ποτέ αποχρώσεις. Πάντοτε σύνθεση. Ποτέ περιγραφή. Ακόμη και στη ποίηση ο λόγος ήταν υψηλός. Χτισμένος γερά. Με κάθε πρόβλεψη για εσωτερική στερεότητα και διάρκεια.
Αλλά και αργότερα, στα δύσκολα χρόνια των πολέμων και των κατακτήσεων, η Αθήνα, η Ελλάδα και σχεδόν ολόκληρη η Μεσόγειος, κάτω από αυτό το Φώς, διατήρησε τη φυσιογνωμία της ανέπαφη. Από την άποψη του κυττάρου που ζει και αντιδρά στον αφανισμό του.
Με τέτοιες αρχές ο Δομίνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος-Ελ Γκρέκο- έφτασε στο απόγειο της καλλιτεχνικής του έκφρασης.
Έτσι πήρε η Αθήνα δύο Νόμπελ-Γιώργος Σεφέρης, Οδυσσέας Ελύτης.
Κάπως έτσι, η Αθήνα έβγαλε μια ντουζίνα μεγάλους καλλιτέχνες στη σύγχρονη εποχή, μεταξύ των οποίων ο Λουκάς Σαμαράς, ο Τακις, ο Παύλος, ο Χατζηκυριάκος Γκίκας, ο Μόραλης, που αν προστεθούν δίπλα σε αυτά, οι θεωρητικοί τέχνης Νίκολας Κάλας, Ζερβός, ο συλλέκτης Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας ,φτάνουν από μόνα τους να γεμίσουν έναν ολόκληρο τόμο στην Ιστορία της Τέχνης της Αθήνας.
Η Ιστορία και οι Πολιτισμοί μετριούνται με τις χιλιετηρίδες. Έτσι μετριέται και η Ιστορία της Τέχνης. Η Τέχνη της Αθήνας έχει στο ενεργητικό της κύκλους μεγαλείου, τους οποίους καλείται ανά τους αιώνες να συνεχίζει…
Αν ένας εικαστικός ερευνητής παρατηρήσει τη προσέγγιση δια μέσου των αιώνων την Τέχνη της Αθήνας, θα δει τους έλληνες σα φύση.
Οι έλληνες σα φύση, δε στρεφόμαστε στο κλασσικό ιδανικό από προγονολατρεία η σωβινισμό.
Απλά είναι αυτή η αμείλικτη εσωτερική αναγκαιότητα. Η Φύση. Η Ιστορία. Το αίμα που μας καλούν προς τα εκεί.
Είναι δύσκολη η κατάκτηση του μοναδικού ιδανικού. Του Ωραίου.
Αυτό είναι για μας και άλλο δεν υπάρχει. Είναι βάσανο αυτό. Απαιτεί μόχθο. Είναι όμως το ιδανικό αυτό με το οποίο μας μοίρανε η μοίρα.
Η Κλασσική ωραιότητα είναι το βαρύ μας προνόμιο . Και το οποίο, ακόμα και στα δύσκολα χρόνια ,κανένας κατακτητής και καμία υποδούλωση δε μπόρεσε να μας στερήσει.
Η δημιουργία του ελεύθερου ελληνικού κράτους το 1830, έθεσε σε νέες βάσεις τον διάλογο των ελλήνων καλλιτεχνών με τη κλασσική κληρονομιά τους.
Μπορεί να μη πήραμε μέρος στην Αναγέννηση λόγω της υποδούλωσης μας από τον οθωμανικό ζυγό, ωστόσο ο νεοκλασικισμός ο οποίος ήταν το κυρίαρχο ρεύμα στην Ευρώπη, έστρεψε τα μάτια στην Ελλάδα.
Για να έρθει αμέσως μετά ο Ρομαντισμός και να ανάψει φωτιά... Να πυροδοτήσει ένα νέο πάθος για τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, μέχρι που στα τέλη του 19ου αι. έρχεται ο Νικόλαος Γύζης να αναβιώσει το πνεύμα και τη μορφή του Αρχαίου κάλους.
Τη περίοδο του Μεσοπολέμου, βλέποντας οι έλληνες καλλιτέχνες τα ιερά τέρατα της Ευρώπης… Πικάσο, Ματίς, Μαξ ¨Ερνστ, Μαγγρίτ, Ντε Κύρικο, Ντελβο,.. να στρέφονται στη κλασσική αρχαιότητα, επανασυνδέονται με τη προγονική τους κληρονομιά, την οποία δεν αποχωρίζονται ούτε σχεδόν στη καθημερινότητά τους αφού κάνουν τις βόλτες τους ανάμεσα σε αρχαία ερείπια και κιτρινισμένες κολώνες ξαπλωμένες στα χαμομήλια και τις παπαρούνες.
Οι αρχαίες και βυζαντινές πηγές γεμίζουν το έργο του Κωνσταντίνου Παρθένη (1878-1967) ενώ ο μεσογειακός Κυβισμός του Νίκου Χατζηκυριάκου Γκίκα (1906-1994)
θα γοητεύσει τον συλλέκτη Αλέξανδρο Ιόλα, ο οποίος θα του οργανώσει έκθεση στην Εθνική Πινακοθήκη τη δεκαετία του 50 , ενώ παράλληλα οργανώνει έκθεση του στη γκαλερί του στη Νέα Υόρκη με τα έργα του να γίνονται ανάρπαστα.
Ο Νίκος Εγγονόπουλος (1907-1985) βγάζει στο προσκήνιο θεούς και ήρωες της αρχαιότητας, βυζαντινούς αγίους καθώς και ήρωες της νεότερης Ιστορίας μας.
Ο Γιάννης Τσαρούχης(1910-1989) δίνει στους έφηβους και στα ανδρικά του γυμνά, ονόματα αγίων ενώ πληρώνοντας του καθημερινά τα έξοδά του ο Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας τον έστελνε με οδηγό στο Πειραιά να φτιάξει τα Νεοκλασικά του σπίτια γιατί εκεί πίστευε ότι ήταν η τεράστιά του σχεδιαστική δύναμη.
Την ίδια περίοδο ο Γιάννης Μόραλης (1910-2009) βρίσκει την έμπνευσή του στις αρχαίες επιτύμβιες στήλες και στις τοιχογραφίες της Πομπηίας.
Ο γλύπτης Τακις (1925) έρχεται να αντιστρέψει της φύσεως τη τάξη στη Γλυπτική, εισάγοντας τα μαγνητικά πεδία στο χώρο της τέχνης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα μαζί με τον Ζαν Τιγκελί, θεωρούνται πρωτεργάτες του κινήματος της Κινητικής Γλυπτικής.
Ο Γιάννης Κουνέλης, θεωρώντας τη ζωγραφική μια πολύ περιορισμένη εκφραστική δυνατότητα, χωρίς να εγκαταλείψει τη δισδιάστατη επιφάνεια του τελάρου, βγαίνει έξω από αυτό. Δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα έντονο εικαστικό παρόν στις διαστάσεις του χώρου. Ο ίδιος θεωρείται από τους πρωτεργάτες της Arte Povera.
Θα μπορούσαμε να παραθέσουμε δεκάδες ονόματα καλλιτεχνών που έκαναν διεθνή τη τέχνη της Αθήνας, μετά από μια πεισματική μονήρη αφοσίωση στα ρεύματα της Ευρώπης. Γιατί η εικαστική παιδεία στην Ελλάδα ακόμη δεν έχει ταυτότητα. Στην Ελλάδα η πολιτεία δεν έχει δει ακόμη ότι η Τέχνη είναι δημόσιο μέλημα…Είναι ευθύνη της πολιτείας η εκπαίδευση του έλληνα στις εικαστικές τέχνες.
Αυτό το κάνουν οι γκαλερί. Οι οποίες είναι ο κεντρικός πόλος της οικονομίας της τέχνης. Και οι οποίες μαζί με τους συλλέκτες διαμορφώνουν τη κοινή γνώμη αλλά και τα ρεύματα η τις τάσεις στο χώρο της Σύγχρονης Τέχνης.
Παράλληλα είναι τέτοια η δυναμική και το πάθος των ελλήνων συλλεκτών που διάσημοι οίκοι δημοπρασιών όπως είναι οι CHRISTIE’S και SOTHEBY’S οργανώνουν ειδικά GREEK SALES ενώ ανοίγουν παραρτήματά τους στην Αθήνα.
Οι συλλέκτες Γιώργος Κωστάκης και Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας γίνονται οι κυρίαρχοι του παιχνιδιού για πολλά χρόνια στο ανατολικό μπλοκ ο πρώτος, στην Ευρώπη και την Αμερική ο δεύτερος ενώ ταυτόχρονα οι έλληνες συλλέκτες συζητιούνται για το εύρος των συλλογών τους.. Οικογένεια Νιάρχου, Λαιμός, Βασίλης και Ελίζα Γουλανδρή Ντόλυ Γουλανδρή, Αλίκη Περωτή, Δημήτρης Παπαδημητρίου, Δάκης Ιωάννου, Λαυρέντης Λαυρεντιάδης ,Φρυσίρας, Απόστολος Δοξιάδης, Λιβανός…έχουν συγκροτήσει αριστουργηματικές συλλογές.
Η Αθήνα ήδη βρίσκεται σαν προορισμός στις ατζέντες των φιλότεχνων, όχι μόνο για το αρχιτεκτονικό επίτευγμα του νέου μουσείου της Ακρόπολης το οποίο σχεδίασε ο διασημος αρχιτέκτονας Μπερνάρ Τσουμί , αλλά συζητιέται ακόμα και για τους αρχιτεκτονικούς σχεδιασμούς του Ρέντζο Πιάνο ο οποίος ετοιμάζει την υλοποίηση των σχεδίων του για την Εθνική Λυρική Σκηνή και τη Βιβλιοθήκη στο φαληρικό Δέλτα με χορηγία του Ομίλου Νιάρχου , αλλά και για το αναμενόμενο Μουσείο του Ιδρύματος Βασίλη και Ελίζας Γουλανδρή σε σχέδια του Διάσημου αρχιτέκτονα Πέι .
Η Τέχνης της Αθήνας δεν έχει να ζηλέψει τίποτα από τις τέχνες στις μεγάλες μητροπόλεις του κόσμου.
Το όραμα της παγκοσμιοποίησης, η διεθνής μίξη του μεταμοντερνισμού, η πολυπολιτισμικότητα, παρουσιάζει στην Αθήνα έντονη κινητικότητα.
Έργα διάσημων καλλιτεχνών τα οποία πωλούνται σε ονομαστές γκαλερί του κόσμου, βρίσκονται και στις γκαλερί της Αθήνας , αλλά και σε ιδιωτικές και κρατικές συλλογές.
Προσωπικά ποτέ δε φανταζόμουνα όταν στη δεύτερη δεκαετία της ζωής μου το 1986,επισκεπτομουν μαζί με τον Αλέξανδρο Ιολα και τη Χριστιάννα Βαρδινογιάννη την έκθεση με τα κατουρημένα έργα του Αντι Γουόρχολ στη γκαλερί του διάσημου Λαρι Γκαγκόσιαν. ότι ο συγκεκριμένος γκαλερίστας θα άνοιγε το 2009 παράρτημα, γκαλερί- δορυφόρο στην Αθήνα.
Η Αθήνα δεν υπολείπεται τον κόσμο στις διεθνείς παρουσιάσεις σημαντικών καλλιτεχνών, αφού δεν είναι λίγες οι γκαλερί και οι ιδιωτικές και κρατικές συλλογές όπου έχουν παρουσιάσει δουλειά των Τζόζεφ Κόσουθ, Ζαν Κλέρ , Πίτερ Γκριναγουει, Χουάν Μουνιόζ, Γκίλμπερτ και Τζωρτζ, Μπίλ Βαιόλα, Μαρίνα Αμπράμοβιτς, Κίμ Σούζα, Γκλέν Λαουρι, Ρίτσαρντ Λόνγκ, Ρόζα Μαρτινεζ. Αλλά και έργα των ιερών τεράτων, Πικάσο, Γουόρχολ, Ματίς Μαξ ¨Ερνστ, Μαν Ρει, Ζαν Τιγκελί, Νικι ντε Σανφαλ, Ρομπερτ Ραουζενμπεργκ …
Η Τέχνη στην Αθήνα διευρύνεται. Νέοι θεσμοί όπως οι Μπιενάλε αλλά και σημαντικές διεθνείς συμπαραγωγές κατατάσσουν την Αθήνα στις ανήσυχες σύγχρονες μητροπολιτικές πρωτεύουσες του κόσμου.
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